Tyramine-d4 (hydrochloride) (Synonyms: 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine-d4, p-Tyramine-d4, Uteramine-d4)

Tyramine-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of tyramine by GC- or LC-MS. Tyramine is a tyrosine-derived endogenous and dietary monoamine and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist.1,2,3 It activates TAAR1 (EC50s = 0.08, 0.69, and 2.26 μM for rat, mouse, and human-rat chimera receptors, respectively).1 Tyramine also inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in isolated rat caudate nucleus (IC50s = 40.6 and 119 nM, respectively).4

References
1. Reese, E.A., Bunzow, J.R., Arttamangkul, S., et al. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 displays species-dependent stereoselectivity for isomers of methamphetamine, amphetamine, and para-hydroxyamphetamine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321(1), 178-186 (2007).
2. Zucchi, R., Chiellini, G., Scanlan, T.S., et al. Trace amine-associated receptors and their ligands. Br. J. Pharmacol. 149(8), 967-978 (2006).
3. Maguire, J.J., Parker, W.A.E., Foord, S.M., et al. International Union of Pharmacology. LXXII. Recommendations for trace amine receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol. Rev. 61(1), (2009).
4. Rothman, R.B., Baumann, M.H., Dersch, C.M., et al. Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin. Science 39(1), 32-41 (2001).