2-Deoxy-D-glucose (Synonyms: 2-DG)

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), is a glucose analogue, act as competitive glycolytic inhibitor ^[1].

2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) has been demonstrated to be a powerful agent for blocking and probing increased sugar metabolism in cancer cells ^[2]. Because of its similarity to glucose, 2-Deoxy-D-glucose inhibits glycolysis, but as chemically it is also 2-deoxymannose it is able to compete with mannose in the growing lipid-linked oligosaccharide chain during the initial steps of N-linked glycosylation. This mannose-like property of 2-Deoxy-D-glucose results in misfolded proteins leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress ^[3].

2-Deoxy-D-glucose delivered in the diet produces cardiac toxicity in rats at doses ranging from 0.02 to 0.3 g/kg (0.04-0.6% 2-Deoxy-D-glucose by weight in the diet) and hastens mortality at doses above 0.2 g/kg (0.4% in the diet) ^[4]. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose evoked increases in plasma adrenaline and glucose at 20 and 60 min ^[5].

References:
[1]. MÜhlenberg T, Grunewald S, Treckmann J, et al. Inhibition of KIT-glycosylation by 2-deoxyglucose abrogates KIT-signaling and combination with ABT-263 synergistically induces apoptosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor[J]. PloS one, 2015, 10(3): e0120531.
[2]. El Mjiyad N, Caro-Maldonado A, Ramirez-Peinado S, Munoz-Pinedo C. Sugar-free approaches to cancer cell killing. Oncogene. 2011 Jan;30(3):253-64.
[3]. Kurtoglu, Metin, Johnathan C. Maher, and Theodore J. Lampidis. "Differential toxic mechanisms of 2-deoxy-D-glucose versus 2-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose in hypoxic and normoxic tumor cells." Antioxidants & redox signaling 9.9 (2007): 1383-1390.
[4]. Minor R K, Smith Jr D L, Sossong A M, et al. Chronic ingestion of 2-deoxy-D-glucose induces cardiac vacuolization and increases mortality in rats[J]. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2010, 243(3): 332-339.
[5]. Bobrovskaya L, Damanhuri H A, Ong L K, et al. Signal transduction pathways and tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the adrenal medulla following glucoprivation: an in vivo analysis[J]. Neurochemistry international, 2010, 57(2): 162-167.