Acetyl Podocarpic Acid Anhydride (Synonyms: APD)

Target: LXR

ED50: 1 nM

Acetyl podocarpic acid anhydride (APD) is a kind of potent, semi-synthetic agonist of liver X receptor (LXR), which was derived from the extracts of the mayapple [1].

The liver X receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). LXRs are key regulators involved in fatty acid, cholesterol, and glucose homeostasis. APD could inhibit the overall absorption of cholesterol by increasing the efflux of cholesterol from enterocytes, with the ED50 value of 1 nM [2].

In Vitro: In a cell-free assay of receptor activation, APD could cause LXR to bind to SRC-1, with a much more potentiality than 22-(R)-hydroxycholesterol. Besides, in THP-1 human primary hepatocytes, and Caco-2 cells, APD could significantly increase the mRNA level of ABCA1, which was regulated by LXR [2].

In Vivo: no data available.

Clinical trial: no data available.

References:
[1] Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, et al.  Sterol-dependent Transactivation of theABC1 Promoter by the Liver X Receptor/Retinoid X Receptor[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2000, 275(36): 28240-28245.
[2] Sparrow C P, Baffic J, Lam M, et al.  A potent synthetic LXR agonist is more effective than cholesterol-loading at inducing ABCA1 mRNA and stimulating cholesterol efflux[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2002, 277(12): 10021-10027.