Angiotensin II |
| Catalog No.GP10023 |
An agonist at AT1 and AT2 receptors
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 4474-91-3
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor and the main bioactive peptide of the renin/Angiotensin system. Angiotensin II human plays a central role in the regulation of human blood pressure, mainly through Angiotensin II and G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) interact to mediate[1].
Human induces capillary formation in endothelial cells through a LOX-1-dependent redox-sensitive pathway. Angiotensin II (1 nM) induces the expression of LOX-1 and VEGF and enhances capillary formation from human coronary endothelial cells in Matrigel assay[3,4].Angiotensin II helps to regulate overall renal tubular reabsorption of salt and water, Angiotensin II directly stimulates epithelial sodium channel activity through an AT1 receptor-dependent mechanism[8].Angiotensin II Human induces the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, increases the synthesis of collagen type I and III in fibroblasts, leads to the thickening of the vascular wall and myocardium, and induces fibrosis. Angiotensin II also induces apoptosis[2].The effects of Angiotensin II to increase blood pressure are mediated by AT1 receptors[1], and these receptors are expressed in a variety of organ systems thought to play key roles in blood pressure homeostasis, including the heart, kidney, blood vessels, adrenal glands, and cardiovascular control centers in the brain[5]. In the brain, intraventricular injection of Angiotensin II causes a dramatic pressor response that is mediated by AT1A receptors[6].
In mice, AT1 receptors in the kidney are primarily responsible for the actions of Angiotensin II to cause hypertension[7]. Angiotensin II induction of NETosis in vitro via ROS/ peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 and autophagy dependent pathways In EH patients initiated with Angiotensin II receptor blockers, circulating NETs and thrombin production levels were significantly reduced, whereas their plasma was unable to trigger procoagulant NETs [9].
References:
[1]: de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, et,al. International union of pharmacology. XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2000 Sep;52(3):415-72. PMID: 10977869.
[2]: Fyhrquist F, Mets?rinne K, et,al. Role of angiotensin II in blood pressure regulation and in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders. J Hum Hypertens. 1995 Nov;9 Suppl 5:S19-24. PMID: 8583476.
[3]: Hu C, Dandapat A, et,al. Angiotensin II induces capillary formation from endothelial cells via the LOX-1 dependent redox-sensitive pathway. Hypertension. 2007 Nov;50(5):952-7. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.096446. Epub 2007 Sep 24. PMID: 17893372.
[4]: Nabah YN, Mateo T, et,al. Angiotensin II induces neutrophil accumulation in vivo through generation and release of CXC chemokines. Circulation. 2004 Dec 7;110(23):3581-6. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000148824.93600.F3. Epub 2004 Nov 29. PMID: 15569833.
[5]: Shanmugam S, Sandberg K. Ontogeny of angiotensin II receptors. Cell Biol Int. 1996 Mar;20(3):169-76. doi: 10.1006/cbir.1996.0021. PMID: 8673065.
[6]: Davisson RL, Oliverio MI, et,al. Divergent functions of angiotensin II receptor isoforms in the brain. J Clin Invest. 2000 Jul;106(1):103-6. doi: 10.1172/JCI10022. PMID: 10880053; PMCID: PMC314366.
[7]: Crowley SD, Gurley SB, et,al. Angiotensin II causes hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through its receptors in the kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 21;103(47):17985-90. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605545103. Epub 2006 Nov 7. PMID: 17090678; PMCID: PMC1693859.
[8]: Peti-Peterdi J, Warnock DG, et,al. Angiotensin II directly stimulates ENaC activity in the cortical collecting duct via AT(1) receptors. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 May;13(5):1131-5. doi: 10.1097/01.asn.0000013292.78621.fd. PMID: 11960999.
[9]: Chrysanthopoulou A, Gkaliagkousi E, et,al. Angiotensin II triggers release of neutrophil extracellular traps, linking thromboinflammation with essential hypertension. JCI Insight. 2021 Sep 22;6(18):e148668. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.148668. PMID: 34324440; PMCID: PMC8492353.
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