We all know that there are many types of fluorescent dyes, such as: Cyanines, SIR, Fluorescein, TAMRA, ICG, etc. Today, I will show you one of them, Cyanines. For details, please see the following:

There are two types of cyanine dyes: non-sulfonated cyanines and sulfonated cyanines. For many applications, they are interchangeable because their spectral properties are nearly identical. Both sulfonated and non-sulfonated dyes can be used to label biomolecules such as DNA and proteins. The difference between dyes is their solubility: sulfur dyes are water soluble, and they do not use organic co-solvents for marking in aqueous environments. They do not tend to aggregate in water. In some cases, one type of cyanine is required.

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), causes a wide variety of acute infections, ranging from localized purulent infections to severe, even fatal, invasive disease. Systemic spread is usually caused by bacterial penetration of the epithelial barrier of the pharynx or damaged skin and, if not well controlled, can lead to blood and soft tissue invasion. Superficial colonization and invasive infection of GAS depend on secreted GAS virulence factors, of which cysteine protease exotoxin (SpeB) is the key. SpeB is initially an inactive zymogen that is proteolytically converted to a mature catalytically active enzyme. SpeB contributes to epidermal localization and systemic spread, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

In the previous issues, we introduced various formulations and strategies for drug dissolution. Among them, DMSO, which is not recommended, also has a place as a co-solvent, but it is quite controversial. The use of this solvent, which is restricted by the FDA, is widely spread and is highly toxic. How toxic is it, and how do we use it in our experiments? Today we will reveal to you the correct use of "universal solvent" DMSO in cell and animal experiments.

There are various modes of administration in animal experimental studies, such as oral, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intracerebral injection, etc. However, we often choose a certain drug delivery method commonly used in the laboratory without knowing the reason. For example, our laboratory often chooses intraperitoneal injection, but do not know why. In fact, there is a lot of knowledge included! In this case, from the perspective of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, we will popularize the principles of choosing the mode of administration.