Nature has long used large biomolecular assemblies to convert chemical energy into quasi-mechanical motion to perform essential functions of life. For example, cells use translation machinery -- the ribosome -- to make proteins from mRNA templates. Cellular nanomachines regulate the extent of translation by using miRNAs to guide AGO protein assembly into RISC to the 3' untranslated region. Similar to other machines, the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) requires the correct assembly of the correct number and type of molecules to perform its function. Any single misfolding or genetic mutation can lead to loss of function or abnormality and lead to disease. Intracellular single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) imaging can be used to probe the structure and activity of individual machine components in their cellular environment. But the lack of high-yield methods to fluorescently label RNA molecules has hindered the development of SMFM.

The first two centuries were marked by the elucidation of the structure and function of nucleic acids. Friedrich Michel was the first to isolate nuclear proteins in 1869. The name nucleic acid is a coined term that Albrecht Kossel divided into five bases in the late 19th century: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil. Another half century later, Ossivard Avery discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was involved in heredity, laying the foundation for molecular biology genetics. In addition, Chargaff's biochemical discovery of fixed ratios of certain bases, as well as Franklin's crystallographic studies, led Watson and Crick to discover the structure and function of DNA in 1953. However, the role of RNA and its connection to DNA and proteins remain unclear.

Lung cancer is one of the cancers with the highest mortality rate in the world, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as its main type, threatens people's health and longevity. Medical experts have carried out a lot of basic research on lung cancer, and have also developed many targeted drugs, but the changes in the disease are always one step ahead, and more new drugs and treatment strategies are urgently needed to deal with it.

Since its discovery in 1979, the p53 gene has been one of the focuses of oncology research. Searching the Pubmed database with p53 as the keyword can find more than 100,000 articles. In a 2017 statistic by Nature magazine, the p53 gene ranked first in the list of the most popular research genes in the past few decades by an absolute advantage.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), commonly known as Alzheimer's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset. Generally, the onset before the age of 65 is called Alzheimer's disease; the onset after the age of 65 is called senile dementia. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, and related studies suggest that neuritic plaques composed of extracellular β-amyloid and many other proteins are one of the main lesions, and even begin to deposit twenty years before the onset of AD patients. Scientists have developed some drugs around the mechanism of inhibiting the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, but these can only slow the progression of the disease and cannot effectively reverse or improve the disease. Although a lot of research and achievements have been made, in fact, the root cause of AD pathogenesis is not yet clear and there is no direct and effective treatment.

This study shows that TMEM175 is a genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), and proves that TMEM175 is a hydrogen ion channel on the lysosomal membrane and plays an important role in regulating lysosomal acid-base balance. Enzyme hyperacidification, impaired proteolytic activity, and promotion of α-synuclein aggregation in vivo are closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common clinical acute abdomen with complex etiology, with a mortality rate of 5% to 10%, and severe AP mortality as high as 20% to 30%. Way. At present, the commonly used methods for making in vivo AP animal models include pancreatic duct ligation, duodenal loop closure, pancreaticobiliary puncture and injection, pancreatic subcapsular injection, pancreaticobiliary injection combined with intravenous infusion, and bombesin in combination. Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, etc.

We all know that there are many types of fluorescent dyes, such as: Cyanines, SIR, Fluorescein, TAMRA, ICG, etc. Today, I will show you one of them, Cyanines. For details, please see the following:

There are two types of cyanine dyes: non-sulfonated cyanines and sulfonated cyanines. For many applications, they are interchangeable because their spectral properties are nearly identical. Both sulfonated and non-sulfonated dyes can be used to label biomolecules such as DNA and proteins. The difference between dyes is their solubility: sulfur dyes are water soluble, and they do not use organic co-solvents for marking in aqueous environments. They do not tend to aggregate in water. In some cases, one type of cyanine is required.

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), causes a wide variety of acute infections, ranging from localized purulent infections to severe, even fatal, invasive disease. Systemic spread is usually caused by bacterial penetration of the epithelial barrier of the pharynx or damaged skin and, if not well controlled, can lead to blood and soft tissue invasion. Superficial colonization and invasive infection of GAS depend on secreted GAS virulence factors, of which cysteine protease exotoxin (SpeB) is the key. SpeB is initially an inactive zymogen that is proteolytically converted to a mature catalytically active enzyme. SpeB contributes to epidermal localization and systemic spread, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

In the previous issues, we introduced various formulations and strategies for drug dissolution. Among them, DMSO, which is not recommended, also has a place as a co-solvent, but it is quite controversial. The use of this solvent, which is restricted by the FDA, is widely spread and is highly toxic. How toxic is it, and how do we use it in our experiments? Today we will reveal to you the correct use of "universal solvent" DMSO in cell and animal experiments.