Alzheimer's disease (AD), commonly known as Alzheimer's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset. Generally, the onset before the age of 65 is called Alzheimer's disease; the onset after the age of 65 is called senile dementia. The pathogenesis of AD is complex, and related studies suggest that neuritic plaques composed of extracellular β-amyloid and many other proteins are one of the main lesions, and even begin to deposit twenty years before the onset of AD patients. Scientists have developed some drugs around the mechanism of inhibiting the deposition of beta-amyloid plaques, but these can only slow the progression of the disease and cannot effectively reverse or improve the disease. Although a lot of research and achievements have been made, in fact, the root cause of AD pathogenesis is not yet clear and there is no direct and effective treatment.

This study shows that TMEM175 is a genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), and proves that TMEM175 is a hydrogen ion channel on the lysosomal membrane and plays an important role in regulating lysosomal acid-base balance. Enzyme hyperacidification, impaired proteolytic activity, and promotion of α-synuclein aggregation in vivo are closely related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common clinical acute abdomen with complex etiology, with a mortality rate of 5% to 10%, and severe AP mortality as high as 20% to 30%. Way. At present, the commonly used methods for making in vivo AP animal models include pancreatic duct ligation, duodenal loop closure, pancreaticobiliary puncture and injection, pancreatic subcapsular injection, pancreaticobiliary injection combined with intravenous infusion, and bombesin in combination. Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, etc.

We all know that there are many types of fluorescent dyes, such as: Cyanines, SIR, Fluorescein, TAMRA, ICG, etc. Today, I will show you one of them, Cyanines. For details, please see the following:

There are two types of cyanine dyes: non-sulfonated cyanines and sulfonated cyanines. For many applications, they are interchangeable because their spectral properties are nearly identical. Both sulfonated and non-sulfonated dyes can be used to label biomolecules such as DNA and proteins. The difference between dyes is their solubility: sulfur dyes are water soluble, and they do not use organic co-solvents for marking in aqueous environments. They do not tend to aggregate in water. In some cases, one type of cyanine is required.

Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), causes a wide variety of acute infections, ranging from localized purulent infections to severe, even fatal, invasive disease. Systemic spread is usually caused by bacterial penetration of the epithelial barrier of the pharynx or damaged skin and, if not well controlled, can lead to blood and soft tissue invasion. Superficial colonization and invasive infection of GAS depend on secreted GAS virulence factors, of which cysteine protease exotoxin (SpeB) is the key. SpeB is initially an inactive zymogen that is proteolytically converted to a mature catalytically active enzyme. SpeB contributes to epidermal localization and systemic spread, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown.

In the previous issues, we introduced various formulations and strategies for drug dissolution. Among them, DMSO, which is not recommended, also has a place as a co-solvent, but it is quite controversial. The use of this solvent, which is restricted by the FDA, is widely spread and is highly toxic. How toxic is it, and how do we use it in our experiments? Today we will reveal to you the correct use of "universal solvent" DMSO in cell and animal experiments.

There are various modes of administration in animal experimental studies, such as oral, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intracerebral injection, etc. However, we often choose a certain drug delivery method commonly used in the laboratory without knowing the reason. For example, our laboratory often chooses intraperitoneal injection, but do not know why. In fact, there is a lot of knowledge included! In this case, from the perspective of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, we will popularize the principles of choosing the mode of administration.

Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death in recent years, and its essence is the peroxidative death caused by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (L-ROS) in cells, which is iron ion-dependent. Erastin, as a potent inducer of ferroptosis, can mediate ferroptosis through multiple molecules such as cystine-glutamate transport receptors, voltage-dependent anion channels, and p53. More importantly, Erastin can enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, so it can be used as a new type of anticancer drug. This article reviews the discovery of Erastin, the ferroptosis pathway, the action pathway of Erastin and its anti-tumor characteristics, as well as the latest research progress at home and abroad.