Immunology/Inflammation
The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].
BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].
Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].
References
[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.
[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.
[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.
[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.
[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.
[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.
[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.
[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.
Ziele für Immunology/Inflammation
- Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase(1)
- Apoptosis(137)
- 5-Lipoxygenase(18)
- TLR(106)
- Papain(2)
- PGDS(1)
- PGE synthase(26)
- SIKs(10)
- IκB/IKK(83)
- AP-1(2)
- KEAP1-Nrf2(47)
- NOD1(1)
- NF-κB(265)
- Interleukin Related(129)
- 15-lipoxygenase(2)
- Others(10)
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor(35)
- CD73(16)
- Complement System(46)
- Galectin(30)
- IFNAR(19)
- NO Synthase(78)
- NOD-like Receptor (NLR)(37)
- STING(84)
- Reactive Oxygen Species(434)
- FKBP(14)
- eNOS(4)
- iNOS(24)
- nNOS(21)
- Glutathione(37)
- Adaptive Immunity(144)
- Allergy(129)
- Arthritis(25)
- Autoimmunity(134)
- Gastric Disease(64)
- Immunosuppressants(27)
- Immunotherapeutics(3)
- Innate Immunity(411)
- Pulmonary Diseases(76)
- Reactive Nitrogen Species(43)
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators(42)
- Reactive Sulfur Species(24)
Produkte für Immunology/Inflammation
- Bestell-Nr. Artikelname Informationen
- GC41207 17(R)-HDHA Resolvins are a group of polyhydroxylated metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in the inflammatory exudates of aspirin-treated experimental animals.
- GC49178 17(R)-Protectin D1 An aspirin-triggered epimer of protectin D1
-
GC41951
17(R)-Resolvin D1
Resolvins are a family of potent lipid mediators derived from both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
- GC41227 17(R)-Resolvin D1 methyl ester 17(R)-Resolvin D1 (17(R)-RvD1) is an aspirin-triggered epimer of RvD1 that reduces human polymorphonuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration, the earliest event in acute inflammation, with equipotency to RvD1 (EC50 = ~30 nM).
- GC45307 17(R)-Resolvin D3
- GC41952 17(R)-Resolvin D4 17(R)-Resolvin D4 (17(R)-RvD4) is an aspirin-triggered epimer of RvD4 .
- GC41208 17(S)-HDHA 17(S)-HDHA is a primary mono-oxygenation product of docosahexaenoic acid in human whole blood, human leukocytes, and mouse brain.
- GC40975 17(S)-HpDHA 17(S)-HpDHA is a mono-oxygenation product of docosahexaenoic acid in human whole blood, human leukocytes, human glial cells, and mouse brain.
- GC41958 17-hydroxy Venturicidin A 17-Hydroxy-Venturicidin A (YP-02259L-C) ist eine antimikrobielle Verbindung. 17-Hydroxy-Venturicidin A hemmt das Wachstum der beiden getesteten Fadenpilze (Verticillium dahlia und Fusarium sp.
- GC41980 18-carboxy dinor Leukotriene B4 18-carboxy dinor Leukotriene B4 (18-carboxy dinor LTB4) is a β-oxidation metabolite of LTB4.
- GC41982 19,20-Epoxycytochalasin C 19,20-Epoxycytochalasin C, ein Cytochalasin, ist ein Pilzmetabolit von Nemania sp.
- GC41983 19,20-Epoxycytochalasin D 19,20-Epoxycytochalasin D, ein Cytochalasin, ist ein Pilzmetabolit von Nemania sp.
- GC41160 1a,1b-dihomo Prostaglandin E2 1a,1b-dihomo Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a rare polyunsaturated fatty acid first identified in extracts of sheep vesicular gland microsomes, known to contain COX, incubated with adrenic acid.
- GC38728 1V209 1V209 (TLR7-Agonist T7) ist ein Agonist des Toll-like-Rezeptors 7 (TLR7) und hat Antitumorwirkungen. 1V209 kann mit verschiedenen Polysacchariden konjugiert werden, um seine WasserlÖslichkeit zu verbessern, seine Wirksamkeit zu steigern und eine geringe ToxizitÄt aufrechtzuerhalten.
- GC52501 2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (lithium salt) An inhibitor of reverse transcriptases and DNA polymerases
- GC67628 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein 2',&7#39;-Dichlorfluorescein fungiert als Fluoreszenzsonde (Ex \u003d 496 nm und Em \u003d 525 nm) für die Messung reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS).
- GC49823 2′-C-β-Methylguanosine An active nucleoside metabolite of BMS-986094
- GC49514 2′-Deoxyuridine-d2 An internal standard for the quantification of 2’-deoxyuridine
- GC52122 2’-Deoxyadenosine-5’-diphosphate (sodium salt) A nucleotide diphosphate
- GC46508 2',2'-Difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine An active metabolite of gemcitabine
- GC42079 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate 2',7'-Dichlorfluoresceindiacetat (DCFH-DA) ist eine zellgängige Fluoreszenzsonde.
- GC41281 2'-C-Methyladenosine 2'-C-Methyladenosine is an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication (IC50 = 0.3 μM in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells) that is not cytotoxic at concentrations up to 100 μM.
- GC42080 2'2'-cGAMP (sodium salt) 2'2'-cGAMP is a synthetic dinucleotide (CDN) that contains non-canonical 2'5'-phosphodiester bonds.
-
GC42090
2'3'-cGAMP (sodium salt)
2'3'-cGAMP is a second messenger produced from ATP and GTP by cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells in response to the presence of DNA.
- GC40415 2,3-dinor-11β-Prostaglandin F2α 2,3-dinor-11β-Prostaglandin F2α (2,3-dinor-11β-PGF2α) was recovered from the urine of both normal monkeys and humans when infused with radiolabeled PGD2, where it represented approximately 1% and 4% of the infused radiolabeled dose, respectively.
- GC49671 2,3-Oxidosqualene An intermediate in the biosynthesis of sterols
- GC68044 2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde
- GC68452 2,4,6-Triiodophenol
- GC46522 2,4-Dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride A heterocyclic building block
- GC42076 2,5-Deoxyfructosazine (hydrochloride) 2,5-Deoxyfructosazine is a pyrazine derivative that can be found in cured tobacco and is used as a flavoring agent in the food and tobacco industry.
- GC39325 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenone 2,5-Dihydroxyacetophenon, isoliert aus Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, hemmt die Produktion von EntzÜndungsmediatoren in aktivierten Makrophagen, indem es die Signalwege ERK1/2 und NF-κB blockiert.
- GC46057 2,5-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid phenethyl ester An inhibitor of 5-LO
- GC46502 2-(1-(Thiophen-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide An antimicrobial agent
- GC42112 2-Acetyl-5-tetrahydroxybutyl Imidazole Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase catalyzes the irreversible decomposition of S1P to hexadecanaldehyde and phosphoethanolamine.
- GC46533 2-Amino-6-chloropurine A precursor in the synthesis of nucleoside analogs
- GC52029 2-Aminoflubendazole 2-Aminoflubendazol ist der Metabolit von Benzimidazolen.
- GC42123 2-Aminopurine (hydrochloride) 2-Aminopurin (Hydrochlorid) ist ein fluoreszierendes Analogon von Guanosin.
- GC64739 2-Aminoquinoline 2-Aminochinolin (2-Chinolinamin) ist eine vielversprechende Verbindung als bioverfÜgbarer nNOS-Inhibitor, leidet jedoch unter einer geringen humanen nNOS-Hemmung, einer geringen SelektivitÄt gegenÜber humanem eNOS und einer signifikanten Bindung an andere ZNS-Ziele.
- GC42135 2-chloro Palmitic Acid 2-ChlorpalmitinsÄure, ein entzÜndlicher Lipidmediator, stÖrt die Proteinpalmitylierung, induziert ER-Stressmarker, reduziert den ER-ATP-Gehalt und aktiviert die Transkription und Sekretion von IL-6 sowie IL-8.2-ChlorpalmitinsÄure stÖrt die Mitochondrien Membranpotential und induziert die Procaspase-3- und PARP-Spaltung. 2-ChlorpalmitinsÄure kann die Blut-Hirn-Schranke (BBB) Überwinden und beeintrÄchtigt ER- und Mitochondrienfunktionen in der Endothelzelllinie hCMEC/D3 des menschlichen Gehirns.
- GC42136 2-chloro Stearic Acid 2-chloro Stearic acid is a bioactive fatty acid that accumulates in primary human monocytes and neutrophils as well as murine neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.
- GC40675 2-deoxy-Artemisinin 2-deoxy-Artemisinin is an inactive metabolite of the antimalarial agent artemisinin.
- GC40634 2-epi-Abamectin 2-epi-Abamectin is a degradation product of abamectin.
- GC46544 2-Fluoro-4-iodo benzonitrile A building block
- GC45912 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-Quinolone A bacterial quorum-sensing signaling molecule
-
GC18391
2-hydroxy Decanoic Acid
2-hydroxy Decanoic acid is a fatty acid found in the lipophilic portion of the lipopolysaccharide fraction of P.
- GC42166 2-hydroxy Myristic Acid 2-hydroxy Myristic acid is a hydroxy fatty acid that has been found in bovine, human, and horse milk, cow and buffalo cheeses, sea bass filet, seal oil, human vernix caseosa, and wool wax.
- GC42171 2-hydroxy Stearic Acid methyl ester 2-hydroxy Stearic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid methyl ester that broadens phase transition in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipid membranes.
- GC40944 2-hydroxy-6-Methylbenzoic Acid 2-hydroxy-6-Methylbenzoic acid is a constituent of G.
- GC48910 2-Hydroxyanthraquinone 2-Hydroxyanthrachinon, eine natÜrliche Verbindung, besitzt Antitumor- und immunsuppressive AktivitÄt.
- GC17084 2-Imino-4-methylpiperidine (acetate) 2-Imino-4-methylpiperidin (Acetat) ist ein potenter und oral aktiver Inhibitor der Isoformen der NO-Synthase (NOS) mit IC50-Werten von 0,1 μM, 1,1 μM und 0,2 ⋼M fÜr humanes iNOS (hiNOS), heNOS und hnNOS bzw.
- GC16664 2-Iminobiotin 2-Iminobiotin (Guanidinobiotin) ist ein Analogon von Biotin (Vitamin H oder B7).
- GC39326 2-Iminobiotin hydrobromide 2-Iminobiotin-Hydrobromid (Guanidinobiotin-Hydrobromid) ist ein Analogon von Biotin (Vitamin H oder B7).
- GC12166 2-Iminopiperidine hydrochloride iNOS inhibitor
- GC52140 2-Methoxyhydroquinone
- GC42186 2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-Quinolone 2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-Quinolone is a quinolone compound produced by P.
- GC52445 2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-Quinolone-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of 2-nonyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone
- GC46553 2-Nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one A quinolone alkaloid with diverse biological activities
- GC52446 2-Nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of 2-nonylquinolin-4(1H)-one
- GC49786 2-NP-AOZ 2-NP-AOZ ist ein 2-Nitrophenyl-Derivat von AOZ.
- GC49283 2-O-(α-D-Glucopyranosyl)glycerol A compatible solute
- GC35095 2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt 2-Phospho-L-AscorbinsÄure-Trinatriumsalz (2-Phospho-L-AscorbinsÄure-Trinatrium) ist ein lang wirkendes Vitamin-C-Derivat, das die Kollagenbildung und -expression stimulieren kann.
- GC17951 2-TEDC 5-, 12-, and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor
- GC68043 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzoquinone
- GC42193 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone 2-Thenoyltrifluoraceton ist ein Chelatbildner.
- GC15355 2-Trifluoromethyl-2'-methoxychalcone Nrf2 activator
- GC40960 20α-dihydro Prednisolone 20α-dihydro Prednisolone is a metabolite of prednisolone.
- GC42082 20-carboxy Leukotriene B4 20-carboxy LTB4 is a metabolite of LTB4 in human neutrophils.
- GC41387 20-hydroxy Arachidic Acid 20-hydroxy Arachidic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid that has been found in the suberin component of silver birch (B.
- GC41421 20-hydroxy Leukotriene B4 20-hydroxy LTB4 is a metabolite of LTB4 in human neutrophils.
- GC60467 21-Acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11),16-tetraene-3,20-dione 21-Acetoxypregna-1,4,9(11),16-tetraen-3,20-dion ist ein Zwischenprodukt der Delta-9,11-Steroidsynthese, zum Beispiel Vamorolone
- GC42087 21-desacetyl Deflazacort 21-desacetyl Deflazacort is the active glucocorticoid derived from the prodrug deflazacort.
-
GC40571
24(S),25-epoxy Cholesterol
24(S),25-epoxy Cholesterol is an oxysterol and the most abundant oxysterol in mouse ventral midbrain.
- GC49365 25-Desacetyl Rifampicin A major active metabolite of rifampicin
- GC48482 28-Acetylbetulin A lupane triterpenoid with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities
- GC48503 28-Deoxybetulin methyleneamine A derivative of betulin
- GC46549 2F-Peracetyl-Fucose 2F-Peracetyl-Fucose (1,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-L-fucopyranos) wirkt als starker Hemmer der Fucosyltransferase (FUT).
- GC49005 2S-Eriodictyol A flavanone with antioxidant activity
- GC25014 3',3'-cGAMP 3',3'-cGAMP (3',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, Cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP) activates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thereby inducing an antiviral state and the secretion of type I IFNs.
- GC49122 3′-deoxy Thymidine An antiviral nucleoside analog
- GC49871 3’-Azido-2’,3’-dideoxyuridine An antiviral nucleoside analog
- GC34451 3',4'-Dihydroxyflavonol 3',4'-Dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) ist ein wirksames Antioxidans, das Superoxid reduziert und die Stickoxid (NO)-Funktion in diabetischen RattengekrÖsearterien verbessert.
- GC42312 3'-Sialyllactose (sodium salt) 3'-Sialyllactose consists of the monosaccharide N-acetylneuraminic acid linked to the galactosyl subunit of lactose at the 3 position.
- GC42242 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine (ammonium salt) 3'-sulfo Galactosylsphingosine is a form of sulfatide that is lacking the fatty acyl group.
- GC42245 3'3'-cGAMP (sodium salt) 3'3'-cGAMP is a second messenger produced in bacteria by specific dinucleotide cyclases.
- GN10006 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde
- GC33992 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid (O-Methylferulic acid) 3,4-DimethoxyzimtsÄure (O-MethylferulasÄure) (O-MethylferulasÄure) ist ein Monomer, das aus Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk extrahiert und gereinigt wird.
- GC61673 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol 3,5-Di-tert-butylphenol ist eine flÜchtige organische Verbindung mit antibiofilm- und antimykotischen AktivitÄten.
- GC46577 3,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde A building block
- GC64762 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone 3,6-Dihydroxyflavon ist ein Antikrebsmittel. 3,6-Dihydroxyflavon verringert dosis- und zeitabhÄngig die ZelllebensfÄhigkeit und induziert Apoptose durch Aktivierung der Caspase-Kaskade, Spaltung der Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase (PARP). 3,6-Dihydroxyflavon erhÖht den intrazellulÄren oxidativen Stress und die Lipidperoxidation.
- GC49169 3,8’-Biapigenin 3,8’-Biapigenin ist ein Biflavon in Hypericum perforatum L.
- GC52324 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid sulfate A metabolite of certain phenols and glycosides
- GC14282 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-Boswellic Acid 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-BoswelliasÄure (Acetyl-11-keto-β-BoswelliasÄure) ist eine aktive Triterpenoidverbindung aus dem Extrakt von Boswellia serrate und ein neuartiger Nrf2-Aktivator.
- GC68081 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazine
- GC46583 3-Amino-2,6-Piperidinedione An active metabolite of (±)-thalidomide
- GC52129 3-Amino-5-hydroxybenzoic Acid
- GC49849 3-Aminosalicylic Acid A salicylic acid derivative
- GC38208 3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole A potent inhibitor of nNOS
- GC10385 3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole 3-Brom-7-nitroindazol ist ein wirksamerer und selektiverer Inhibitor der neuronalen Stickoxidsynthase (nNOS) als eNOS oder induzierbare Stickoxidsynthase (iNOS).
- GC42259 3-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine 3-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine strongly inhibits lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis with low cytotoxicity when applied at 100 μM.
- GC62794 3-Demethylcolchicine 3-Demethylcolchicin, ein Colchicin-Metabolit, besitzt eine Hydroxygruppe an seinem Kohlenstoffring, die am RadikalfÄnger teilnehmen kÖnnte und das Carrageenin-Ödem deutlich hemmt.