Glycocholic acid (Synonyms: Cholylglycine, GCA) |
| Catalog No.GC34134 |
Glycocholic acid is a crystalline bile acid involved in fat emulsification. It is a combination of bile acid and glycine and exists in mammalian bile in the form of sodium salt.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 475-31-0
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Glycocholic acid is a crystalline bile acid involved in fat emulsification. It is a combination of bile acid and glycine and exists in mammalian bile in the form of sodium salt[1]. Glycocholic acid has anti-tumor activity and can target resistance pumps and non-resistance pump pathways[2]. Glycocholic acid can be used as a phenotypic biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma[3]. Glycocholic acid can treat bile acid amidation defects[4].
In vitro, treatment of Caco-2 cells with Glycocholic acid (10, 100μM) for 48h significantly increased the expression of Hsp90β protein, and exerted a synergistic effect when used in combination with butyrate[5].
In vivo, Glycocholic acid (10μg/mL) was used to treat lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced zebrafish inflammation model by microinjection, which significantly reduced the accumulation of macrophages in zebrafish and inhibited the upregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cc motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL-2)[6].
References:
[1] Holm R, Müllertz A, Mu H. Bile salts and their importance for drug absorption[J]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2013, 453(1): 44-55.
[2] Lo Y L, Ho C T, Tsai F L. Inhibit multidrug resistance and induce apoptosis by using glycocholic acid and epirubicin[J]. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2008, 35(1-2): 52-67.
[3] Song W S, Park H M, Ha J M, et al. Discovery of glycocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid as phenotypic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 11088.
[4] Heubi J E, Setchell K D R, Jha P, et al. Treatment of bile acid amidation defects with glycocholic acid[J]. Hepatology, 2015, 61(1): 268-274.
[5] Casselbrant A, Fändriks L, Wallenius V. Glycocholic acid and butyrate synergistically increase vitamin D-induced calcium uptake in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers[J]. Bone reports, 2020, 13: 100294.
[6] Ge X, Huang S, Ren C, et al. Taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid inhibit inflammation and activate farnesoid X receptor expression in LPS-stimulated zebrafish and macrophages[J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(5): 2005.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
Cell lines | Caco-2 cells |
Preparation Method | All Caco-2 cell experiments started on day 14 after seeding. The cells were exposed for 48h with the following: 1:75 dilution (~1mM) of whole human bile (coming from one patient with unknown identity for the researchers) 10 or 100μM chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) as primary bile acid, 10 or 100μM lithocholic acid (LCA) as secondary bile acid, and 10 or 100μM Glycocholic acid (GCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) as conjugated bile acid and 10mM of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate in FBS-free medium in the upper compartments. After incubation, the resistance was measured and the cells were saved for protein expression. |
Reaction Conditions | 10, 100μM; 48h |
Applications | Glycocholic acid in combination with butyrate increased the Hsp90β protein expression significantly, at a comparable level to whole bile, while Taurocholic acid had no such effect. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
Animal models | Zebrafish |
Preparation Method | Three days post-fertilization (dpf), zebrafish were divided into control (PBS microinjection), model (LPS microinjection), and administration (LPS microinjection+drug administration) groups. Embryos in the administration groups were pretreated with Babaodan (10µg/mL), C. bovis (10µg/mL), bile acids (including Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt (TDCA), Deoxycholic acid (DCA), Taurocholic acid Sodium Salt (TCA), Glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), Glycocholic acid (GCA), Cholic acid (CA), Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA)) (All the bile acids were administered at a concentration of 10µg/mL), and dexamethasone (DEX, 20µg/mL) (positive control), respectively. After 24h of treatment, microinjection was performed in a 1nL volume per larva with LPS at a concentration of 2.5mg/mL. The control group used phosphate-buffered saline of the same volume as LPS. Embryos were retreated with drugs for 6h right after recovery from anesthesia (0.02% tricaine). |
Dosage form | 10µg/mL; microinjection |
Applications | Among all the bile acids, Taurocholic acid and Glycocholic acid showed the strongest effects on reducing macrophage accumulation. the LPS-stimulated upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 were significantly inhibited by either Taurocholic acid or Glycocholic acid treatment. |
References: | |
| Cas No. | 475-31-0 | SDF | |
| Synonyms | Cholylglycine, GCA | ||
| Canonical SMILES | O=C(O)CNC(CC[C@@H](C)[C@H]1CC[C@@]2([H])[C@]3([H])[C@H](O)C[C@]4([H])C[C@H](O)CC[C@]4(C)[C@@]3([H])C[C@H](O)[C@]12C)=O | ||
| Formula | C26H43NO6 | M.Wt | 465.62 |
| Solubility | DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (214.77 mM) | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
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| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 2.1477 mL | 10.7384 mL | 21.4767 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.4295 mL | 2.1477 mL | 4.2953 mL |
| 10 mM | 0.2148 mL | 1.0738 mL | 2.1477 mL |
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Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O, mix and clarify.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.
Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
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Quality Control & SDS
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- Purity: >98.00%
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Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 8 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)
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