Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate (Synonyms: HCQ, NSC 4375)

Kinase experiment:

Five microliters of a solution of 2% L-α-phosphatidylcholine in dodecane is deposited per well on membranes of a 96-well plate. AT791 (10 µM), E6446 (10 µM), Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (40 µM), or chloroquine (40 µM) are added to one of the two compartments in pH 5.5 buffer (50 mM NaAce, 15 mM NaCl) or pH 7.4 buffer (50 mM KPO4, 150 mM NaCl), and the plate is incubated at 37°C. The next day, compound concentrations in both chambers are quantitated. In one variation of this experiment, 5 µM AT791 or E6446 is added to both chambers, one of which contains pH 5.5 buffer and the other pH 7.4 buffer. The redistribution of compound between the two chambers is monitored for 8 hours[2].

Animal experiment:

MRL/lpr mice are dosed orally five times a week with 20 or 60 mg/kg E6446 or 60 mg/kg Hydroxychloroquine sulfate beginning at 5 weeks of age. Cytoxan is administered at 50 mg/kg i.p. every 10 days. A serum sample is taken immediately before the beginning of treatment to monitor changes in autoreactive antibodies. Subsequently, serum samples are collected approximately monthly and analyzed for anti-dsDNA by ELISA after 1:500 dilution. Body weights and urine samples are taken at the same interval, and proteinuria is assessed. Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) are assessed using commercially available HEp2 slide kits, with serum diluted to 1:100 in kit buffer. ANA scores are read blinded[2].

References:

[1]. Manzo C, et al. Psychomotor Agitation Following Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine. Drug Saf Case Rep. 2017 Dec;4(1):6.
[2]. Lamphier M, et al. Novel small molecule inhibitors of TLR7 and TLR9: mechanism of action and efficacy in vivo. Mol Pharmacol. 2014 Mar;85(3):429-40.