Endothelin 1 swine, human

Endothelin 1 (swine, human) is a 21aa peptide vasoconstrictor and agonist of endothelin (ET) receptors ETA and ETB (IC50s = 0.15 and 0.12 nM, respectively) ^[1]. Endothelin 1 (swine, human) is the endothelin generated in the endothelium, where it acts in a paracrine or autocrine manner on ETA and ETB receptors on adjacent endothelial or smooth muscle cells ^[2].

Endothelin 1 (swine, human) activats endothelin-A receptor (ETAR) and drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in ovarian tumor cells through b-arrestin signaling. In cultured mouse podocytes, Endothelin 1 (swine, human) caused loss of the podocyte differentiation marker synaptopodin and acquisition of the mesenchymal marker a-smooth muscle actin. Endothelin 1 (swine, human) promoted podocyte migration via ETAR activation and increased b-arrestin-1 expression ^[3].

The Endothelin 1 (swine, human) (1nmol/kg) produced strong pressor responses in the anesthetized rats in vivo ^[4]. Mice received an intradermal injection of 1-30 pmol Endothelin 1 (swine, human) and were caused dose-dependent scratching bouts ^[5]. A subpressor dose of ET-1 administered to rats was found to increase glomerular permeability and inflammation as well as the excretion of the glomerular slit-diaphragm protein nephrin, effects that could be blocked by an ETA receptor antagonist ^[6]. The magnitude of the ET-1 rise during antiangiogenic treatment may be useful biomarker of the efficacy of treatment ^[7].

References:
[1]. Kikuchi T, Kubo K, Ohtaki T, et al. Endothelin-1 analogues substituted at both position 18 and 19: highly potent endothelin antagonists with no selectivity for either receptor subtype ETA or ETB[J]. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 1993, 36(25): 4087-4093.
[2]. Schiffrin E L. Role of endothelin-1 in hypertension and vascular disease[J]. American journal of hypertension, 2001, 14(S3): 83S-89S.
[3]. Buelli S, RosanÒ L, Gagliardini E, et al. β-Arrestin-1 drives endothelin-1-mediated podocyte activation and sustains renal injury[J]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2014, 25(3): 523-533.
[4]. Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S, et al. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes[J]. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 1989, 86(8): 2863-2867.
[5]. Trentin P G, Fernandes M B, D'OrlÉans-Juste P, et al. Endothelin-1 causes pruritus in mice[J]. Experimental biology and medicine, 2006, 231(6): 1146-1151.
[6]. Saleh M A, Pollock J S, Pollock D M. Distinct actions of endothelin A-selective versus combined endothelin A/B receptor antagonists in early diabetic kidney disease[J]. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2011, 338(1): 263-270.
[7]. Lankhorst S, Jan Danser A H, van den Meiracker A H. Endothelin-1 and antiangiogenesis[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2016, 310(3): R230-R234.