22(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol (Synonyms: 22β-hydroxy Cholesterol)

22(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol is a synthetic oxysterol and a modulator of the liver X receptor (LXR). [1] t prevents monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression induced by the LXR agonist GW 3965 in primary hepatocytes and downregulates mRNA expression of the LXR target genes CD36, ACSL1, and SCD-1 in human myotubes. It decreases triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol synthesis from labeled palmitate and acetate, respectively, in human myoblasts by 50% when used at a concentration of 10 uM. 22(S)-hydroxy Cholesterol also reduces fatty acid synthase (FAS) reporter activity through an LXR response element in the promoter region in COS-1 cells transfected with RXRα and LXRα and decreases the expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 in a mouse model of chronic ethanol consumption.[1] [2] Dietary supplementation of 22(S)-hydroxy cholesterol (30 mg/kg per day) leads to less body weight gain and lower liver triacylglycerol levels in rats when fed either a regular chow or high-fat diet as well as prevents an increase in plasma triacylglycerol levels resulting from a high-fat diet.[3]

Reference:
[1]. Kase, E.T., Andersen, B., Nebb, H.I., et al. 22-Hydroxycholesterols regulate lipid metabolism differently than T0901317 in human myotubes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1761(12), 1515-1522 (2006).
[2]. Na, T.-Y., Han, Y.-H., Ka, N.-L., et al. 22-S-Hydroxycholesterol protects against ethanol-induced liver injury by blocking the auto/paracrine activation of MCP-1 mediated by LXRα. J. Pathol. 235(5), 710-720 (2015).
[3]. Kase, E.T., Nikolić, N., Pettersen Hessvik, N., et al. Dietary supplementation with 22-S-hydroxycholesterol to rats reduces body weight gain and the accumulation of liver triacylglycerol. Lipids 47(5), 483-493 (2012).