BLY 719, also known as NVP-BYL719, Piqray or Alpelisib. Talking about the structure, BLY 719 is the chemical derivative of 2-aminothiazole. It was discovered as the most potent and the most selective ligand to effectively target phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase α (PI3Kα), an important target in the cancer chemotherapy. BLY 719 is a small molecule. The two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of the BLY 719 is pictorially represented in Figure 1.

GIP is the short form of either Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide or Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide. The primary structure of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide is composed of a linear sequence of 42 residual amino acids; that is determined by the Edman Degradation Method and well documented in the scientific literature. The 3-letter notation of the primary structure of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide is given in Figure 1.

5-Phenyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid is the full chemical name of the 5-Ph-IAA. Chemically, 5-Ph-IAA is a derivative of auxin/ indole acetic acid which is a plant hormone. 5-Ph-IAA is a synthetic, novel, small molecule, i.e., ligand, highly specific in its action. The two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of 5-Ph-IAA is presented in Figure 1.

AR-13324 is also known as Netarsudil dimesilate or Netarsudil mesylate. Chemically, AR-13324 is a an amino isoquinoline amide that is a member of Mesylates, which were first identified as the most effective ROCK inhibitors with high tolerance and having a long-lasting decrease in the intraocular pressure (IOP). Thus, it was selected for clinical development and more research studies were conducted using AR-13324. The two dimensional view of the molecular structure of AR-13324 is given in Figure 1. In 2017, FDA finally approved AR-13324 as an ophthalmic solution of 0.02% concentration for the clinical treatment of glaucoma in humans. It is an optimized formulation of AR-13324 with high levels of safety and efficacy associated for therapeutic use by human.

Biochemically, Thymosin Beta 4 is a small peptide, i.e., it is composed of the chemically bonded amino acids via the peptide linkages and having amino group at one terminal while having carboxyl group on the other terminal. It is composed of 43 amino acids. The sequence of amino acids aa in the primary structure of Thymosin Beta 4 is schematically presented in Figure 1. Based on the knowledge of its primary structure, its secondary structure is also predicted via the method of Chou and Fasma. The details of this technique include: first, the residual amino acids are characterized as H, h, I, i, b, and B on the basis of their tendency to either form the alpha helix or beta pleated sheets, and represented in Figure 2 as the alpha parameters and beta parameters.

S-3-chloro-N-(2-oxo-2-((1-phenylethyl) amino) ethyl) benzamide is the chemical name of JNJ 63533054. JNJ 63533054 is a small novel molecule. The complete process of its synthesis and identification in the laboratory, is well documented in the scientific literature. Its two dimensional molecular structure is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1.

Chemically, PTC 209 is a novel, synthetic and small molecule. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically shown in Figure 1.

HBC 620 is one of the chemical analogs of HBC. The full chemical name of HBC is (4-((2-hydroxyethyl) (methyl) amino) -benzylidene) -cyanophenylacetonitrile. The 620 in the chemical name of HBC 620 indicates that it exhibits a strong fluorescence at the wavelength of 620 nm when bounded to pepper. Its molecular structure is diagrammatically shown, along with the other HBC analogs of the series, in Figure 1. As evidenced from Figure 1, these analogs of HBC only slightly differ in their molecular structure. This series of the chemical analogs of HBC is generated by the manipulations either in the aromatic π-structure or in the capability of being electron donor and receptor using a methodology that is known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX).

Ce6 which is the shortened form of Chlorin E6, also known as Phytochlorin.

The molecular structure of Chlorin E6 is diagrammatically presented in Figure 1. Its molecular structure contains three carboxylic groups. The complete synthesis process for Chlorin E6 is described in the scientific literature in detail.

Dox or DOX is the short form of Doxorubicin, which is also called as Adriamycin,

The molecular structure of Doxorubicin is diagrammatically depicted in Figure 1. In its molecular structure, there is a tetracyclic quinoid aglycone adriamycinone namely 14-hydroxydaunomycinone that is chemically linked to the amino- sugar namely daunosamine. Chemically, it is a derivative of Anthracycline that has antibiotic as well as anticancer properties. The amino group along with the quinone moiety present in the molecular structure of Doxorubicin are the main source of determining the anti-cancer properties of Doxorubicin.