Rapamycin is also known as sirolimus. It is made by the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which was initially isolated from samples discovered on Easter Island in 1972. Rapamycin was the initial name of the chemical, taken from the Rapa Nui, the local name of the island.

A crucial instrument in the study of molecular biology and messenger RNA-based investigations is the Anti-Reverse Cap Analogue (ARCA). This artificially modified nucleotide analogue has several advantages over conventional cap analogues when it comes to capping the 5'-end of RNA molecules.

A synthetic nucleotide called Cyanine 5- Uridine Triphosphate, commonly referred to as Cy5-UTP is utilised in biochemistry and molecular biology for a wide range of purposes

Dorsomorphin (DM) formerly known as compound C, is a potential AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) synthesis pathway inhibitor. Dorsomorphin competes with ATP for AMP when it is available in low amounts (Tong, Ganta and Liu, 2020).

The development of many diseases, such as injury from ischemia-reperfusion, cancer and neurological and cardiovascular disorders, is largely influenced by oxidative stress.

A small chemical molecule, Apatinib Mesylate, also named YN968D1, is an orally administered antiangiogenic drug developed by Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, China. YN968D1 specifically inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) tyrosine kinase. It blocks the pathways which lead to the downstream signalling of VEGFR-2 and reduces the density of cancer microvessels. When used against many experimental tumour models, Apatinib exhibits anticancer effectiveness. It prevents tumour angiogenesis by preventing the spread and development of vascular endothelial cells, it also inhibits other tyrosine kinases like c-Kit and c-Src.

The substance clozapine N-oxide (CNO) has recently come to light due to its application in pharmacology and neuroscience studies.

Yoda1is a synthetic and small molecule.

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a small molecule belonging to isohydroxamic acid. Its molecular structure showing its structural features is depicted in Figure 1.

Angiotensin Ⅱ human, Ang Ⅱ, are the other names of the Angiotensin Ⅱ. Chemically, it belongs to the family having ligands and named as Angiotensin. It is a synthetic and acts as a vasoconstrictor.