Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Apoptosis

Apoptosis

As one of the cellular death mechanisms, apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, can be defined as the process of a proper death of any cell under certain or necessary conditions. Apoptosis is controlled by the interactions between several molecules and responsible for the elimination of unwanted cells from the body.

Many biochemical events and a series of morphological changes occur at the early stage and increasingly continue till the end of apoptosis process. Morphological event cascade including cytoplasmic filament aggregation, nuclear condensation, cellular fragmentation, and plasma membrane blebbing finally results in the formation of apoptotic bodies. Several biochemical changes such as protein modifications/degradations, DNA and chromatin deteriorations, and synthesis of cell surface markers form morphological process during apoptosis.

Apoptosis can be stimulated by two different pathways: (1) intrinsic pathway (or mitochondria pathway) that mainly occurs via release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and (2) extrinsic pathway when Fas death receptor is activated by a signal coming from the outside of the cell.

Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily, or p53 gene are involved and/or collaborate in the process of apoptosis.

Caspase family comprises conserved cysteine aspartic-specific proteases, and members of caspase family are considerably crucial in the regulation of apoptosis. There are 14 different caspases in mammals, and they are basically classified as the initiators including caspase-2, -8, -9, and -10; and the effectors including caspase-3, -6, -7, and -14; and also the cytokine activators including caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, -12, and -13. In vertebrates, caspase-dependent apoptosis occurs through two main interconnected pathways which are intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic or mitochondrial apoptosis pathway can be activated through various cellular stresses that lead to cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and the formation of the apoptosome, comprised of APAF1, cytochrome c, ATP, and caspase-9, resulting in the activation of caspase-9. Active caspase-9 then initiates apoptosis by cleaving and thereby activating executioner caspases. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated through the binding of a ligand to a death receptor, which in turn leads, with the help of the adapter proteins (FADD/TRADD), to recruitment, dimerization, and activation of caspase-8 (or 10). Active caspase-8 (or 10) then either initiates apoptosis directly by cleaving and thereby activating executioner caspase (-3, -6, -7), or activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through cleavage of BID to induce efficient cell death. In a heat shock-induced death, caspase-2 induces apoptosis via cleavage of Bid.

Bcl-2 family members are divided into three subfamilies including (i) pro-survival subfamily members (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bcl-W, MCL1, and BFL1/A1), (ii) BH3-only subfamily members (Bad, Bim, Noxa, and Puma9), and (iii) pro-apoptotic mediator subfamily members (Bax and Bak). Following activation of the intrinsic pathway by cellular stress, pro‑apoptotic BCL‑2 homology 3 (BH3)‑only proteins inhibit the anti‑apoptotic proteins Bcl‑2, Bcl-xl, Bcl‑W and MCL1. The subsequent activation and oligomerization of the Bak and Bax result in mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). This results in the release of cytochrome c and SMAC from the mitochondria. Cytochrome c forms a complex with caspase-9 and APAF1, which leads to the activation of caspase-9. Caspase-9 then activates caspase-3 and caspase-7, resulting in cell death. Inhibition of this process by anti‑apoptotic Bcl‑2 proteins occurs via sequestration of pro‑apoptotic proteins through binding to their BH3 motifs.

One of the most important ways of triggering apoptosis is mediated through death receptors (DRs), which are classified in TNF superfamily. There exist six DRs: DR1 (also called TNFR1); DR2 (also called Fas); DR3, to which VEGI binds; DR4 and DR5, to which TRAIL binds; and DR6, no ligand has yet been identified that binds to DR6. The induction of apoptosis by TNF ligands is initiated by binding to their specific DRs, such as TNFα/TNFR1, FasL /Fas (CD95, DR2), TRAIL (Apo2L)/DR4 (TRAIL-R1) or DR5 (TRAIL-R2). When TNF-α binds to TNFR1, it recruits a protein called TNFR-associated death domain (TRADD) through its death domain (DD). TRADD then recruits a protein called Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), which then sequentially activates caspase-8 and caspase-3, and thus apoptosis. Alternatively, TNF-α can activate mitochondria to sequentially release ROS, cytochrome c, and Bax, leading to activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and thus apoptosis. Some of the miRNAs can inhibit apoptosis by targeting the death-receptor pathway including miR-21, miR-24, and miR-200c.

p53 has the ability to activate intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis by inducing transcription of several proteins like Puma, Bid, Bax, TRAIL-R2, and CD95.

Some inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) can inhibit apoptosis indirectly (such as cIAP1/BIRC2, cIAP2/BIRC3) or inhibit caspase directly, such as XIAP/BIRC4 (inhibits caspase-3, -7, -9), and Bruce/BIRC6 (inhibits caspase-3, -6, -7, -8, -9). 

Any alterations or abnormalities occurring in apoptotic processes contribute to development of human diseases and malignancies especially cancer.

References:
1.Yağmur Kiraz, Aysun Adan, Melis Kartal Yandim, et al. Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis[J]. Tumor Biology, 2016, 37(7):8471.
2.Aggarwal B B, Gupta S C, Kim J H. Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey.[J]. Blood, 2012, 119(3):651.
3.Ashkenazi A, Fairbrother W J, Leverson J D, et al. From basic apoptosis discoveries to advanced selective BCL-2 family inhibitors[J]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2017.
4.McIlwain D R, Berger T, Mak T W. Caspase functions in cell death and disease[J]. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2013, 5(4): a008656.
5.Ola M S, Nawaz M, Ahsan H. Role of Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases in the regulation of apoptosis[J]. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 2011, 351(1-2): 41-58.

What is Apoptosis? The Apoptotic Pathways and the Caspase Cascade

Targets for  Apoptosis

Products for  Apoptosis

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC12426 Birinapant (TL32711) An antagonist of cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP Birinapant (TL32711)  Chemical Structure
  3. GN10037 Bisdemethoxycurcumin Bisdemethoxycurcumin  Chemical Structure
  4. GC68308 Bisdemethoxycurcumin-d8 Bisdemethoxycurcumin-d8  Chemical Structure
  5. GC35530 BJE6-106 BJE6-106 (B106) is a potent, selective 3rd generation PKCδ inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.05 μM and targets selectivity over classical PKC isozyme PKCα (IC50=50 μM). BJE6-106  Chemical Structure
  6. GC11931 BKM120 An inhibitor of class I PI3K isoforms BKM120  Chemical Structure
  7. GC65428 BLM-IN-1 BLM-IN-1 (compound 29) is an effective Bloom syndrome protein (BLM) inhibitor, with a strong BLM binding KD of 1.81 μM and an IC50 of 0.95 μM for BLM. Induces DNA damage response, as well as apoptosis and proliferation arrest in cancer cells. BLM-IN-1  Chemical Structure
  8. GC33407 BM 957 BM 957 is a potent Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibitor, with Kis of 1.2, <1 nM and IC50s of 5.4, 6.0 nM respectively. BM 957  Chemical Structure
  9. GC13498 BM-1074 BM-1074  Chemical Structure
  10. GC62871 BM-1244 BM-1244 (APG-1252-M1) is a potent Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitor with Kis of 134 and 450 nM for Bcl- xL and Bcl-2, respectively. BM-1244 inhibits senescent fibroblasts (SnCs) with an EC50 of 5 nM. (From patent WO2019033119A1). BM-1244  Chemical Structure
  11. GC12822 BML-210(CAY10433) BML-210(CAY10433) is a novel HDAC inhibitor, and its mechanism of action has not been characterized. BML-210(CAY10433)  Chemical Structure
  12. GC11648 BML-277 Chk2 inhibitor,potent and highly selective BML-277  Chemical Structure
  13. GC42953 BMS 345541 (trifluoroacetate salt) BMS 345541 is a cell permeable inhibitor of the IκB kinases IKKα and IKKβ (IC50s = 4 and 0.3 μM). BMS 345541 (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  14. GC25160 BMS-1001 BMS-1001 is a potent inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with EC50 of 253 nM. BMS-1001 alleviates the inhibitory effect of the soluble PD-L1 on the T-cell receptor-mediated activation of T-lymphocytes. BMS-1001  Chemical Structure
  15. GC38740 BMS-1001 hydrochloride BMS-1001 hydrochloride is an orally active human PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor. BMS-1001 hydrochloride  Chemical Structure
  16. GC31753 BMS-1166 (PD-1/PD-L1-IN1) BMS-1166 (PD-1/PD-L1-IN1) is a potent PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor. BMS-1166 (PD-1/PD-L1-IN1)  Chemical Structure
  17. GC38131 BMS-1166 hydrochloride BMS-1166 hydrochloride is a potent PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor. BMS-1166 hydrochloride  Chemical Structure
  18. GC13628 BMS-833923 An orally bioavailable Smo inhibitor BMS-833923  Chemical Structure
  19. GC62682 BMSpep-57 hydrochloride BMSpep-57 hydrochloride is a potent and competitive macrocyclic peptide inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with an IC50 of 7.68?nM. BMSpep-57 hydrochloride binds to PD-L1 with Kds of 19 nM and 19.88 nM in MST and SPR assays, respectively. BMSpep-57 hydrochloride facilitates T cell function by in creasing IL-2 production in PBMCs. BMSpep-57 hydrochloride  Chemical Structure
  20. GA20897 Boc-Arg(Boc)₂-OH An amino acid building block Boc-Arg(Boc)₂-OH  Chemical Structure
  21. GC16774 Boc-D-FMK An irreversible pan-caspase inhibitor Boc-D-FMK  Chemical Structure
  22. GC33501 Bornyl acetate An acetate form of borneol Bornyl acetate  Chemical Structure
  23. GC11040 Borrelidin threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) inhibitor Borrelidin  Chemical Structure
  24. GC17644 Bortezomib (PS-341) Bortezomib (PS-341), as a dipeptide boronic acid proteasome inhibitor with antitumor activity, can potently inhibiit 20S proteasome with Ki of 0.6 nM by targeting a threonine residue.. Bortezomib (PS-341)  Chemical Structure
  25. GC65010 Bortezomib-d8 Bortezomib-d8 (PS-341-d8) is the deuterium labeled Bortezomib. Bortezomib (PS-341) is a reversible and selective proteasome inhibitor, and potently inhibits 20S proteasome (Ki=0.6 nM) by targeting a threonine residue. Bortezomib disrupts the cell cycle, induces apoptosis, and inhibits NF-κB. Bortezomib is the first proteasome inhibitor anticancer agent. Anti-cancer activity. Bortezomib-d8  Chemical Structure
  26. GC40009 Bostrycin Bostrycin is an anthraquinone originally isolated from B. Bostrycin  Chemical Structure
  27. GC42969 bpV(phen) (potassium hydrate) bpV(phen) (potassium hydrate), a insulin-mimetic agent, is a potent protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and PTEN inhibitor with IC50s of 38 nM, 343 nM and 920 nM for PTEN, PTP-β and PTP-1B, respectively. bpV(phen) (potassium hydrate)  Chemical Structure
  28. GC42974 Brassinin Brassinin (BSN) is a phytoalexin isolated from B. Brassinin  Chemical Structure
  29. GC11632 Brassinolide A plant growth regulator Brassinolide  Chemical Structure
  30. GC52101 Brazilein Brazilein is an important immunosuppressive component isolated from Caesalpinia sappan L. Brazilein  Chemical Structure
  31. GN10802 Brazilin Brazilin  Chemical Structure
  32. GC68288 Brentuximab Brentuximab  Chemical Structure
  33. GC35554 Brevilin A A sesquiterpene lactone with anticancer activity Brevilin A  Chemical Structure
  34. GC35555 Britannin Britannin, isolated from Inula aucheriana, is a sesquiterpene lactone. Britannin  Chemical Structure
  35. GC62536 Bromelain Bromelain is an anti-inflammatory drug derived from pineapple stem that acts through down-regulation of plasma kininogen, inhibition of Prostaglandin E2 expression, degradation of advanced glycation end product receptors and regulation of angiogenic biomarkers as well as antioxidant action upstream in the COX-pathway. Bromelain  Chemical Structure
  36. GC35559 Bruceine D Bruceine D is a Notch inhibitor with anti-cancer activity and induces apoptosis in several human cancer cells. Bruceine D  Chemical Structure
  37. GC34070 Brusatol (NSC 172924) Brusatol (NSC 172924) (NSC172924) is a unique inhibitor of the Nrf2 pathway that sensitizes a broad spectrum of cancer cells to Cisplatin and other chemotherapeutic agents. Brusatol (NSC 172924) enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by inhibiting the Nrf2-mediated defense mechanism. Brusatol (NSC 172924) can be developed into an adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent. Brusatol (NSC 172924) increases cellular apoptosis. Brusatol (NSC 172924)  Chemical Structure
  38. GC38014 BT2 An Mcl-1 inhibitor BT2  Chemical Structure
  39. GC38467 BTdCPU BTdCPU is a potent heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI) activator. BTdCPU promotes eIF2α phosphorylation and induced apoptosis in resistant cell. BTdCPU  Chemical Structure
  40. GC34511 BTR-1 BTR-1 is an active anti-cancer agent, causes S phase arrest, and affects DNA replication in leukemic cells. BTR-1 activates apoptosis and induces cell death. BTR-1  Chemical Structure
  41. GC11141 BTZO 1 migration inhibitory factor (MIF) binder BTZO 1  Chemical Structure
  42. GC48376 Burnettramic Acid A A fungal metabolite with diverse biological activities Burnettramic Acid A  Chemical Structure
  43. GC48409 Burnettramic Acid A aglycone A fungal metabolite with anticancer activity Burnettramic Acid A aglycone  Chemical Structure
  44. GC13671 Busulfan DNA alkylating agent Busulfan  Chemical Structure
  45. GC46962 Busulfan-d8 An internal standard for the quantification of busulfan Busulfan-d8  Chemical Structure
  46. GC10944 Butein Protein kinase inhibitor Butein  Chemical Structure
  47. GC46104 Butyric Acid-d7 An internal standard for the quantification of sodium butyrate Butyric Acid-d7  Chemical Structure
  48. GC12333 BV6

    Selective inhibitor of IAP proteins

    BV6  Chemical Structure
  49. GC48433 BX-320 An inhibitor of PDK1 BX-320  Chemical Structure
  50. GC16818 BX-912 PDK1 inhibitor,potent and ATP-competitive BX-912  Chemical Structure
  51. GC31806 Bz 423 (BZ48) Bz 423 (BZ48) is a pro-apoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine with therapeutic properties in murine models of lupus demonstrating selectivity for autoreactive lymphocytes, and activates Bax and Bak. Bz 423 (BZ48)  Chemical Structure
  52. GC33826 C 87 C 87 is a novel small-molecule TNFα inhibitor; potently inhibits TNFα-induced cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 8.73 μM. C 87  Chemical Structure
  53. GC19095 C-DIM12 C-DIM12 is a synthetic Nurr1 activaor induces Nurr1 and DA gene expression in cell lines and primary neurons. C-DIM12  Chemical Structure
  54. GC43028 C16 Ceramide (d18:1/16:0)

    C16 ceramide (d18:1/16:0), as an endogenous ceramide, generated by ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6), that acts as a lipid second messenger to regulate apoptosis and stress signaling. C16-ceramide plays a pivotal role in inducing insulin resistance.

    C16 Ceramide (d18:1/16:0)  Chemical Structure
  55. GC46976 C16 Ceramide-d7 (d18:1-d7/16:0) An internal standard for the quantification of C-16 ceramide C16 Ceramide-d7 (d18:1-d7/16:0)  Chemical Structure
  56. GC43052 C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) (Cer(t18:0/18:0)) is a bioactive sphingolipid found in S. C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0)  Chemical Structure
  57. GC40141 C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3) C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of C18 phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) by GC- or LC-MS. C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3)  Chemical Structure
  58. GC43065 C2 Phytoceramide (t18:0/2:0) C2 Phytoceramide is a bioactive semisynthetic sphingolipid that inhibits formyl peptide-induced oxidant release (IC50 = 0.38 μM) in suspended polymorphonuclear cells. C2 Phytoceramide (t18:0/2:0)  Chemical Structure
  59. GC43069 C22 Ceramide (d18:1/22:0)

    C-22 ceramide is an endogenous bioactive sphingolipid.

    C22 Ceramide (d18:1/22:0)  Chemical Structure
  60. GC43075 C24 dihydro Ceramide (d18:0/24:0)

    C24 dihydro Ceramide is a sphingolipid that has been found in the stratum corneum of human skin.

    C24 dihydro Ceramide (d18:0/24:0)  Chemical Structure
  61. GC34513 C25-140 C25-140, a first-in-class, orally active, and fairly selective TRAF6-Ubc13 inhibitor, directly binds to TRAF6, and blocks the interaction of TRAF6 with Ubc13. C25-140  Chemical Structure
  62. GC43084 C4 Ceramide (d18:1/4:0)

    C4 Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides.

    C4 Ceramide (d18:1/4:0)  Chemical Structure
  63. GC40688 C6 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/6:0) C6 D-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides., C6 D-threo Ceramide is cytotoxic to U937 cells in vitro (IC50 = 18 μM). C6 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/6:0)  Chemical Structure
  64. GC40689 C6 L-erythro Ceramide (d18:1/6:0) C6 L-erythro Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C6 L-erythro Ceramide (d18:1/6:0)  Chemical Structure
  65. GC40690 C6 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/6:0) C6 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/6:0) is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C6 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/6:0)  Chemical Structure
  66. GC45616 C6 Urea Ceramide An inhibitor of neutral ceramidase C6 Urea Ceramide  Chemical Structure
  67. GC12733 C646 C646, a potent and selective p300/CBP histone acetyltransferase inhibitor (Ki 400 nM), has been shown to have pleiotropic activity, including neuroprotective, anti-cancer and anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition (anti-EMT) effects.. C646  Chemical Structure
  68. GC43105 C8 Ceramide (d18:1.8:0) C8 Ceramide (d18:1.8:0) (N-Octanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine) is a cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C8 Ceramide (d18:1.8:0)  Chemical Structure
  69. GC43109 C8 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/8:0) C8 D-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C8 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/8:0)  Chemical Structure
  70. GC43110 C8 Galactosylceramide (d18:1/8:0) C8 Galactosylceramide is a synthetic C8 short-chain derivative of known membrane microdomain-forming sphingolipids. C8 Galactosylceramide (d18:1/8:0)  Chemical Structure
  71. GC43111 C8 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/8:0) C8 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. C8 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/8:0)  Chemical Structure
  72. GC33218 CA-5f A potent late-stage macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor CA-5f  Chemical Structure
  73. GC15779 Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) is a potent and orally active inhibitor of VEGFR2 and MET, with IC50 values of 0.035, and 1.3 nM, respectively. Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) displays strong inhibition of KIT, RET, AXL, TIE2, and FLT3 (IC50=4.6, 5.2, 7, 14.3, and 11.3 nM, respectively). Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) shows antiangiogenic activity. Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351) disrupts tumor vasculature and promotes tumor and endothelial cell apoptosis. Cabozantinib (XL184, BMS-907351)  Chemical Structure
  74. GC12531 Cabozantinib malate (XL184) Cabozantinib malate (XL184) (XL184 S-malate) is a potent multiple receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitor that inhibits VEGFR2, c-Met, Kit, Axl and Flt3 with IC50s of 0.035, 1.3, 4.6, 7 and 11.3 nM, respectively. Cabozantinib malate (XL184)  Chemical Structure
  75. GC10692 Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester NF-κB activation inhibitor Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester  Chemical Structure
  76. GC18604 Calcein Blue AM Calcein Blue AM is a fluorogenic dye that is used to assess cell viability. Calcein Blue AM  Chemical Structure
  77. GC43121 Calcein Orange™ Diacetate

    Calcein Orange Diacetate is a fluorogenic dye that is used to assess cell viability.

    Calcein Orange™ Diacetate  Chemical Structure
  78. GC43123 Calcein Red™ AM Calcein Red? AM is a fluorogenic dye that is used to assess cell viability. Calcein Red™ AM  Chemical Structure
  79. GC60668 Calcimycin hemimagnesium Calcimycin (A-23187) hemimagnesium is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin hemimagnesium  Chemical Structure
  80. GC15161 Calcium D-Panthotenate Calcium D-Panthotenate (Vitamin B5 calcium salt), a vitamin, can reduce the patulin content of the apple juice. Calcium D-Panthotenate  Chemical Structure
  81. GC30240 Calcium dobesilate Calcium dobesilate, a vasoprotective, is widely used in chronic venous disease, diabetic retinopathy and the symptoms of haemorrhoidal attack in many countries. Calcium dobesilate  Chemical Structure
  82. GC19086 Calicheamicin Calicheamicin is a cytotoxic agent that causes double-strand DNA breaks. Calicheamicin  Chemical Structure
  83. GC65081 CALP1 TFA CALP1 TFA is a calmodulin (CaM) agonist (Kd of 88 ?M) with binding to the CaM EF-hand/Ca2+-binding site. CALP1 TFA  Chemical Structure
  84. GC18315 Calpain Inhibitor VI Calpain inhibitor VI is an inhibitor of the calcium-dependent cysteine proteases u-calpain (calpain-1; IC50 = 7.5 nM) and m-calpain (calpain-2; IC50 = 78 nM). Calpain Inhibitor VI  Chemical Structure
  85. GC10342 Calpeptin A calpain inhibitor Calpeptin  Chemical Structure
  86. GN10667 Calycosin Calycosin  Chemical Structure
  87. GC35598 Camellianin A Camellianin A, the main flavonoid in A. nitida leaves, displays anticancer activity and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity. Camellianin A inhibits the proliferation of the human Hep G2 and MCF-7 cell lines and induces the significant increase of the G0/G1 cell population. Camellianin A  Chemical Structure
  88. GC62253 Camrelizumab

    Camrelizumab (SHR-1210) is a potent humanied high-affinity IgG4-κ monoclonal antibody (mAb) to PD-1. Camrelizumab?binds PD-1 at a high affinity of 3 nM and inhibits the binding interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 with an IC50 of 0.70 nM. Camrelizumab acts as?anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agent and can be used for cancer research, including NSCLC, ESCC, Hodgkin lymphoma, and advanced HCC et,al.

    Camrelizumab  Chemical Structure
  89. GC12318 Candesartan Cilexetil Prodrug of the angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist candesartan Candesartan Cilexetil  Chemical Structure
  90. GC15866 Capecitabine DNA, RNA and protein synthesis inhibitor Capecitabine  Chemical Structure
  91. GC14065 Capsaicin A terpene alkaloid with diverse biological activities Capsaicin  Chemical Structure
  92. GC17918 Capsazepine A TRPV1 antagonist Capsazepine  Chemical Structure
  93. GC49415 Capsorubin A carotenoid with diverse biological activities Capsorubin  Chemical Structure
  94. GC48878 Carbazomycin A A bacterial metabolite with diverse biological activities Carbazomycin A  Chemical Structure
  95. GC48893 Carbazomycin B A bacterial metabolite with diverse biological activities Carbazomycin B  Chemical Structure
  96. GC48850 Carbazomycin C A bacterial metabolite with diverse biological activities Carbazomycin C  Chemical Structure
  97. GC48826 Carbazomycin D A bacterial metabolite with diverse biological activities Carbazomycin D  Chemical Structure
  98. GC49147 Carboxyphosphamide An inactive metabolite of cyclophosphamide Carboxyphosphamide  Chemical Structure
  99. GC18069 Cardamonin Cardamonin ((E)-Cardamomin) is a novel antagonist of hTRPA1 cation channel with an IC50 of 454 nM. Cardamonin  Chemical Structure
  100. GC18449 Cardanol monoene Cardanol monoene is a phenol found in cashew nut shell liquid that reversibly inhibits tyrosinase with an IC50 value of 56 uM in vitro. Cardanol monoene  Chemical Structure
  101. GC15089 Carfilzomib (PR-171) A proteasome inhibitor Carfilzomib (PR-171)  Chemical Structure

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