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Immunology/Inflammation

The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].

BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].

Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].

 

References

[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.

[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.

[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.

[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.

[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.

[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.

[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.

[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.

Targets for  Immunology/Inflammation

Products for  Immunology/Inflammation

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC18655 3-hydroxy Decanoic Acid methyl ester 3-hydroxy Decanoic acid methyl ester is a hydroxylated fatty acid methyl ester that has been found in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by P. 3-hydroxy Decanoic Acid methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  3. GC42275 3-hydroxy Desloratidine 3-hydroxy Desloratidine is a major metabolite of desloratadine , a tricyclic antagonist of the histamine H1 receptor. 3-hydroxy Desloratidine  Chemical Structure
  4. GC42276 3-hydroxy Docosanoic Acid 3-hydroxy Docosanoic acid is a hydroxylated form of the 22-carbon saturated docosanoic acid. 3-hydroxy Docosanoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  5. GC45774 3-hydroxy Heptadecanoic Acid A hydroxy fatty acid 3-hydroxy Heptadecanoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  6. GC40474 3-hydroxy Lignoceric Acid 3-hydroxy Lignoceric acid is a hydroxylated form of the 24-carbon saturated lignoceric acid. 3-hydroxy Lignoceric Acid  Chemical Structure
  7. GC49847 3-hydroxy methyl Cefuroxime 3-hydroxy methyl Cefuroxime is a degradation product of Cefuroxime. 3-hydroxy methyl Cefuroxime  Chemical Structure
  8. GC42280 3-hydroxy Myristic Acid methyl ester

    3-hydroxy Myristic acid methyl ester is a hydroxylated fatty acid methyl ester that has been found in E.

    3-hydroxy Myristic Acid methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  9. GC42281 3-hydroxy Palmitic Acid 3-hydroxy Palmitic acid is a form of the 16:0 lipid palmitic acid. 3-hydroxy Palmitic Acid  Chemical Structure
  10. GC42282 3-hydroxy Palmitic Acid methyl ester 3-hydroxy Palmitic acid methyl ester (3-hydroxy PAME) is an esterized long-chain fatty acid involved in quorum sensing in R. 3-hydroxy Palmitic Acid methyl ester  Chemical Structure
  11. GC42286 3-hydroxy Stearic Acid 3-hydroxy Stearic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid and intermediate in the production of 3-hydroxy octadecanedioic acid from stearic acid. 3-hydroxy Stearic Acid  Chemical Structure
  12. GC42288 3-hydroxy Tridecanoic Acid 3-hydroxy Tridecanoic acid is a 13-carbon saturated fatty acid found in bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). 3-hydroxy Tridecanoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  13. GC49819 3-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-thiophenone A degradation product of cefaclor 3-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2(5H)-thiophenone  Chemical Structure
  14. GC45336 3-hydroxy-DL-Kynurenine 3-hydroxy-DL-Kynurenine, ametabolite of tryptophan, is a potential endogenous neurotoxin whose increased levels have been described in several neurodegenerative disorders. 3-hydroxy-DL-Kynurenine  Chemical Structure
  15. GC49364 3-Hydroxycoumarin A coumarin with diverse biological activities 3-Hydroxycoumarin  Chemical Structure
  16. GC45337 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin is a metabolite of Aspergillus candidus.3-Hydroxyterphenyllin suppresses proliferation and causes cytotoxicity against A2780/CP70 and OVCAR-3 cells. 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin induces S phase arrest and apoptosis. 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin has the potential for the research of ovarian cancer. 3-Hydroxyterphenyllin  Chemical Structure
  17. GC31290 3-Indolepropionic acid A bacterial metabolite with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities 3-Indolepropionic acid  Chemical Structure
  18. GC48457 3-keto Fusidic Acid An active metabolite of fusidic acid 3-keto Fusidic Acid  Chemical Structure
  19. GC64630 3-O-Acetyl-α-boswellic acid 3-O-Acetyl-α-boswellic acid suppresses T cell function. 3-O-Acetyl-α-boswellic acid  Chemical Structure
  20. GC48488 3-Oxobetulin Acetate A derivative of betulin 3-Oxobetulin Acetate  Chemical Structure
  21. GC40692 3-Propylxanthine 3-Propylxanthine acts as a selective and competitive A2B receptor antagonist with the Ki of 7 μM. 3-Propylxanthine  Chemical Structure
  22. GC45354 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E A withanolide with anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E  Chemical Structure
  23. GC48437 4'-Acetyl Chrysomycin A A bacterial metabolite with antibacterial and anticancer activities 4'-Acetyl Chrysomycin A  Chemical Structure
  24. GC42406 4'-hydroxy Chalcone 4'-hydroxy Chalcone is a chalcone metabolite with diverse biological activities. 4'-hydroxy Chalcone  Chemical Structure
  25. GC18527 4'-hydroxy Flurbiprofen A major active metabolite of flurbiprofen 4'-hydroxy Flurbiprofen  Chemical Structure
  26. GC46608 4-(N-Boc-amino)piperidine An organic building block 4-(N-Boc-amino)piperidine  Chemical Structure
  27. GC46609 4-(Phenylcarbonyl)benzoic Acid A photooxidant 4-(Phenylcarbonyl)benzoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  28. GC49337 4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide A metabolite of asulam and sulfanilamide 4-Acetamidobenzenesulfonamide  Chemical Structure
  29. GC42338 4-Aminobenzoic Acid hydrazide 4-Aminobenzoic Acid hydrazide is an irreversible MPO myeloperoxidase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.3 μM. 4-Aminobenzoic Acid hydrazide  Chemical Structure
  30. GC42351 4-carboxy TEMPO 4-carboxy TEMPO is a nitroxide and spin label. 4-carboxy TEMPO  Chemical Structure
  31. GC46630 4-CPPC A MIF-2 inhibitor 4-CPPC  Chemical Structure
  32. GC42369 4-Deoxypyridoxine (hydrochloride) 4-Deoxypyridoxine (4-DPD) is a vitamin B6 antimetabolite with diverse biological activities. 4-Deoxypyridoxine (hydrochloride)  Chemical Structure
  33. GC42373 4-epi Minocycline 4-epi Minocycline is the main degradation product of and a potential impurity in commercial preparations of minocycline. 4-epi Minocycline  Chemical Structure
  34. GC42374 4-epi-Chlortetracycline (hydrochloride) Chlortetracycline is an analog of tetracycline, a broad spectrum antibiotic. 4-epi-Chlortetracycline (hydrochloride)  Chemical Structure
  35. GC42401 4-hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide An activated analog of cyclophosphamide 4-hydroperoxy Cyclophosphamide  Chemical Structure
  36. GC18858 4-hydroxy Alternariol 4-hydroxy Alternariol is a metabolite of the mycotoxin alternariol formed through cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolism. 4-hydroxy Alternariol  Chemical Structure
  37. GC49575 4-hydroxy Omeprazole sulfide A metabolite of omeprazole 4-hydroxy Omeprazole sulfide  Chemical Structure
  38. GA20418 4-Hydroxy-hippuric acid Polyphenol metabolite. 4-Hydroxy-hippuric acid  Chemical Structure
  39. GC38663 4-Hydroxychalcone A chalcone metabolite with diverse biological activities 4-Hydroxychalcone  Chemical Structure
  40. GC33815 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid A phenolic acid with anti-inflammatory activity 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid  Chemical Structure
  41. GC18853 4-isocyanato TEMPO 4-isocyanato TEMPO is a spin labeling reagent used to label the 2'-position in RNA. 4-isocyanato TEMPO  Chemical Structure
  42. GC41299 4-Methylumbelliferyl Caprylate 4-Methylumbelliferyl caprylate (MUCAP) is a fluorogenic substrate for C8 esterase. 4-Methylumbelliferyl Caprylate  Chemical Structure
  43. GC42448 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-D-Neuraminic Acid (sodium salt) 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-D-Neuraminic Acid (sodium salt) is a fluorescent substrate used for neuraminidase activity assay. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-D-Neuraminic Acid (sodium salt)  Chemical Structure
  44. GC42461 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-Cellobioside 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellobioside is a disaccharide and an enzyme substrate. 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-Cellobioside  Chemical Structure
  45. GC46672 4-Nitrophenyl Palmitate A colorimetric lipase and esterase substrate 4-Nitrophenyl Palmitate  Chemical Structure
  46. GC35143 4-O-Methyl honokiol A phenol with diverse biological activities 4-O-Methyl honokiol  Chemical Structure
  47. GC31648 4-Octyl Itaconate

    4-Octyl Itaconate?(4-OI) is a cell-permeable itaconate derivative. Itaconate and 4-Octyl Itaconate?had similar thiol reactivity, making 4-Octyl Itaconate?a suitable itaconate surrogate to study its biological function.

    4-Octyl Itaconate  Chemical Structure
  48. GC46673 4-octynyl Itaconate 4-octynyl Itaconate (ITalk) is a specific bioorthogonal probe for quantitative and site-specific chemoproteomic profiling of Itaconation in living cells. 4-octynyl Itaconate  Chemical Structure
  49. GC49127 4-oxo Cyclophosphamide An inactive metabolite of cyclophosphamide 4-oxo Cyclophosphamide  Chemical Structure
  50. GC49244 4-oxo Isotretinoin An active metabolite of isotretinoin 4-oxo Isotretinoin  Chemical Structure
  51. GC40477 4-Thiouracil 4-Thiouracil is a site-specific, photoactivatable probe used to detect RNA structures and nucleic acid-nucleic acid contacts. 4-Thiouracil  Chemical Structure
  52. GC18582 5'-hydroxy Meloxicam A metabolite of meloxicam 5'-hydroxy Meloxicam  Chemical Structure
  53. GC48381 5'-pApA (sodium salt) A linearized form of cyclic di-AMP 5'-pApA (sodium salt)  Chemical Structure
  54. GC48375 5'-pGpG (sodium salt) A linearized form of cyclic di-GMP 5'-pGpG (sodium salt)  Chemical Structure
  55. GC49339 5(6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate An oxidant-sensitive fluorescent probe 5(6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate  Chemical Structure
  56. GC41126 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE is a natural bioactive lipid derived from arachidonic acid. 5(S),12(S)-DiHETE  Chemical Structure
  57. GC41127 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE is synthesized by 15-LO from 5(S)-HETE. 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE  Chemical Structure
  58. GC40782 5(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic Acid 5(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in various natural sources including maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seed oil (MPSO), gymnospermae leaves and seeds, and freshwater gastropods. 5(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-Eicosatrienoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  59. GC46075 5,6-dimethyl-2-Thiouracil A heterocyclic building block 5,6-dimethyl-2-Thiouracil  Chemical Structure
  60. GC48815 5,7,8-Trimethoxydictamnine A quinoline alkaloid with antimalarial activity 5,7,8-Trimethoxydictamnine  Chemical Structure
  61. GC52091 5,7-Dichlorothiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine A building block 5,7-Dichlorothiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine  Chemical Structure
  62. GC52227 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-Valerolactone An active metabolite of various polyphenols 5-(3',4'-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-Valerolactone  Chemical Structure
  63. GC40527 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine is a nucleoside analog with anticancer and antiviral activities. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine  Chemical Structure
  64. GC52413 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-d7 An internal standard for the quantification of 5-aminosalicylic acid 5-Aminosalicylic Acid-d7  Chemical Structure
  65. GC49827 5-Androstenetriol An active metabolite of DHEA 5-Androstenetriol  Chemical Structure
  66. GC45357 5-Chlorouracil   5-Chlorouracil  Chemical Structure
  67. GC49233 5-Feruloylquinic Acid A chlorogenic acid with antioxidant activity 5-Feruloylquinic Acid  Chemical Structure
  68. GC39760 5-Galloylquinic acid 5-Galloylquinic acid, an main scavenger of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) in green tea. 5-Galloylquinic acid  Chemical Structure
  69. GC46033 5-Heneicosylresorcinol An alkylresorcinol 5-Heneicosylresorcinol  Chemical Structure
  70. GC42549 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole (5-OH TBZ) is a major metabolite of the anthelmintic thiabendazole. 5-hydroxy Thiabendazole  Chemical Structure
  71. GC61638 5-Hydroxyoxindole 5-Hydroxyoxindole is a structural analog of uric acid. 5-Hydroxyoxindole  Chemical Structure
  72. GC46705 5-Methoxycanthinone 5-Methoxycanthinone is an orally active inhibitor of Leishmania strains. 5-Methoxycanthinone  Chemical Structure
  73. GC40380 5-OxoETE

    5-OxoETE is a polyunsaturated keto acid formed by the oxidation of 5-HETE in human neutrophils by a specific dehydrogenase.

    5-OxoETE  Chemical Structure
  74. GC46712 5-Phenyllevulinic Acid A fungal metabolite 5-Phenyllevulinic Acid  Chemical Structure
  75. GC46079 5-Tricosylresorcinol 5-Tricosylresorcinolthe is the first cyst lipid. 5-Tricosylresorcinol  Chemical Structure
  76. GC49676 6β-hydroxy Budesonide A metabolite of budesonide 6β-hydroxy Budesonide  Chemical Structure
  77. GC49629 6β-hydroxy Prednisolone A metabolite of prednisolone 6β-hydroxy Prednisolone  Chemical Structure
  78. GC19536 6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt 6'-Sialyllactose (sodium), a predominant milk oligosaccharide, reduces the internalisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in human pneumocytes. 6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt  Chemical Structure
  79. GC45772 6(5H)-Phenanthridinone An inhibitor of PARP1 and 2 6(5H)-Phenanthridinone  Chemical Structure
  80. GC41424 6(S)-Lipoxin A4 The lipoxins are trihydroxy fatty acids containing a 7,9,11,13-conjugated tetraene. 6(S)-Lipoxin A4  Chemical Structure
  81. GC46721 6-Chloro-2-fluoropurine A heterocyclic building block 6-Chloro-2-fluoropurine  Chemical Structure
  82. GC49551 6-Chloropurine Riboside A nucleoside precursor 6-Chloropurine Riboside  Chemical Structure
  83. GC49749 6-Deoxypenciclovir An inactive metabolite of famciclovir 6-Deoxypenciclovir  Chemical Structure
  84. GC45955 6-Ethyl-2,7-dimethoxyjuglone A fungal metabolite with antimicrobial activity 6-Ethyl-2,7-dimethoxyjuglone  Chemical Structure
  85. GC46724 6-Hydroxypyridin-3-ylboronic Acid A heterocyclic building block 6-Hydroxypyridin-3-ylboronic Acid  Chemical Structure
  86. GC49235 6-Methylmercaptopurine A metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine 6-Methylmercaptopurine  Chemical Structure
  87. GC49488 6-Methylmercaptopurine-d3 An internal standard for the quantification of 6-MMP 6-Methylmercaptopurine-d3  Chemical Structure
  88. GC49864 6-Methylpterin A derivative of folic acid 6-Methylpterin  Chemical Structure
  89. GC45715 6-Prenylindole A bacterial metabolite 6-Prenylindole  Chemical Structure
  90. GC18776 6α-hydroxy Cholesterol

    6α-hydroxy Cholesterol is an oxysterol that increases superoxide anion production in SK-N-BE cells when used at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM.

    6α-hydroxy Cholesterol  Chemical Structure
  91. GC40202 7α-hydroxy Cholesterol-d7

    7α-hydroxy Cholesterol-d7 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 7α-hydroxy cholesterol by GC- or LC-MS.

    7α-hydroxy Cholesterol-d7  Chemical Structure
  92. GC49206 7α-hydroxy Dehydroepiandrosterone An active metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone 7α-hydroxy Dehydroepiandrosterone  Chemical Structure
  93. GC46740 7β,27-dihydroxy Cholesterol An oxysterol and agonist of RORγ and RORγt 7β,27-dihydroxy Cholesterol  Chemical Structure
  94. GC52471 7(S),10(S)-DiHOME An antibacterial hydroxy fatty acid 7(S),10(S)-DiHOME  Chemical Structure
  95. GC46732 7(S),17(S)-dihydroxy-8(E),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid A metabolite of DPA with antiinflammatory properties 7(S),17(S)-dihydroxy-8(E),10(Z),13(Z),15(E),19(Z)-Docosapentaenoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  96. GC48769 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-Octadecenoic Acid An antibacterial hydroxy fatty acid 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-Octadecenoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  97. GC46733 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene has carcinogenic activity as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is used to induce tumor formation in various rodent models. 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene  Chemical Structure
  98. GC35184 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin (5-Hydroxy-3',4',7-trimethoxyflavone), a flavonoid compound, possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced macrophage cell line mediated by inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators, NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. 7,3',4'-Tri-O-methylluteolin  Chemical Structure
  99. GC46080 7,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavone 7,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavone is a flavonoid aglycon compound isolated from broad bean pods. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxyflavone  Chemical Structure
  100. GC35185 7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone 7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone (7,4'-DHF) is a flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, the eotaxin/CCL11 inhibitor, has the ability to consistently suppress eotaxin production and prevent dexamethasone (Dex)‐paradoxical adverse effects on eotaxin production. 7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone  Chemical Structure
  101. GC45673 7,8-Dihydroneopterin An antioxidant 7,8-Dihydroneopterin  Chemical Structure

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