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Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation

Immunology/Inflammation

The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].

BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].

Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].

 

References

[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.

[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.

[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.

[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.

[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.

[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.

[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.

[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.

Targets for  Immunology/Inflammation

Products for  Immunology/Inflammation

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC61668 (E)-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid (E)-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid is the less active isomer of 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid. (E)-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid Chemical Structure
  3. GC41702 (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil

    BVU

     (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil (BVU) is a pyrimidine base and an inactive metabolite of the antiviral agents sorivudine and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) that may be regenerated to BVDU in vivo. (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil Chemical Structure
  4. GC49003 (E)-Ajoene

    NSC 614554

     A disulfide with diverse biological activities (E)-Ajoene Chemical Structure
  5. GC41703 (E)-C-HDMAPP (ammonium salt)

    (E)5hydroxy4methylpent3enyl pyrophosphate

     Synthetic and natural alkyl phosphates, also known as phosphoantigens, stimulate the proliferation of γδ-T lymphocytes. (E)-C-HDMAPP (ammonium salt) Chemical Structure
  6. GC39747 (E/Z)-GSK5182 (E/Z)-GSK5182 is a racemic compound of (E)-GSK5182 and (Z)-GSK5182 isomers. (E/Z)-GSK5182 Chemical Structure
  7. GC61564 (E/Z)-IT-603 (E/Z)-IT-603 is a mixture of E-IT-603 and Z-IT-603 (IT-603). (E/Z)-IT-603 Chemical Structure
  8. GC72216 (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (acetate) (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (14-Glycine-Humanin (human)) acetate is an analog of Humanin in which the 14th amino acid serine was replaced with glycine (Gly). (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (acetate) Chemical Structure
  9. GC41721 (R)-α-Lipoic Acid

    (R)-(+)-Lipoic Acid

     (R)-α-Lipoic acid is the naturally occurring enantiomer of lipoic acid, a cyclic disulfide antioxidant. (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Chemical Structure
  10. GC49167 (R)-(+)-Trityl glycidyl ether

    (R)-Trityl Glycidol

     A synthetic precursor (R)-(+)-Trityl glycidyl ether Chemical Structure
  11. GC13030 (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen

    (-)-Ibuprofen

     Inhibitor of Cox-1 and Cox-2 (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen Chemical Structure
  12. GC69823 (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen-d3

    (R)-Ibuprofen-d3

    (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen-d3 is the deuterated form of (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen. (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen is the R enantiomer of Ibuprofen, which has no effect on COX and can inhibit NF-κB activation. (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen has anti-inflammatory properties and can be used in pain relief research.

     (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen-d3 Chemical Structure
  13. GC41620 (R)-(-)-Mellein

    Ochracin

     (R)-(-)-Mellein is an antibiotic isolated from culture fluids of this Aspergillus. (R)-(-)-Mellein Chemical Structure
  14. GC91359 (R)-(4-Bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanamine (R)-(4-Bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanamine is a synthetic intermediate. (R)-(4-Bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanamine Chemical Structure
  15. GC41712 (R)-3-hydroxy Myristic Acid

    (R)-3-hydroxy Tetradecanoic Acid

     Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are components of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria. (R)-3-hydroxy Myristic Acid Chemical Structure
  16. GC65610 (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone is a diarylheptanoid that can be found in Alpinia officinarum. (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone Chemical Structure
  17. GC41717 (R)-Gyramide A (hydrochloride)

    (R)-534F6

     (R)-Gyramide A is a bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor that disrupts supercoiling activity with an IC50 value of 3.3 μM. (R)-Gyramide A (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  18. GC65373 (R)-IL-17 modulator 4 (R)-IL-17 modulator 4 is the R-configure of IL-17 modulator 4. (R)-IL-17 modulator 4 Chemical Structure
  19. GC12578 (R)-Lisofylline

    (−)-Lisofylline,(R)-LSF

     anti-inflammatory agent (R)-Lisofylline Chemical Structure
  20. GC72915 (R)-MRT199665 (R)-MRT199665 is an isomer of MRT199665. (R)-MRT199665 Chemical Structure
  21. GC52185 (R,S)-Anatabine-d4

    (±)-Anatabine-d4

     (R,S)-Anatabine-d4 Chemical Structure
  22. GC71831 (Rac)-Anemonin (Rac)-Anemonin ((Rac)-Pulsatilla camphor) is the diastereoisomer of Anemonin . (Rac)-Anemonin Chemical Structure
  23. GC18773 (Rac)-Benpyrine A racemate of Benpyrine, is a potent and orally active TNF-α inhibitor (Rac)-Benpyrine Chemical Structure
  24. GC39321 (Rac)-Myrislignan (Rac)-Myrislignan is the racemate of Myrislignan. (Rac)-Myrislignan Chemical Structure
  25. GC66334 (Rac)-PF-184 hydrate (Rac)-PF-184 hydrate is a potent inhibitory factor-κB kinase 2 (IKK-2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 37 nM. (Rac)-PF-184 hydrate has anti-inflammatory effects. (Rac)-PF-184 hydrate Chemical Structure
  26. GC69799 (Rac)-ZLc-002

    (Rac)-ZLc-002 is an inhibitor that interacts with the binding protein between nNOS and nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1AP). It inhibits inflammatory pain and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain, and synergistically reduces tumor cell viability with Paclitaxel.

     (Rac)-ZLc-002 Chemical Structure
  27. GC46345 (S)-(-)-Perillaldehyde

    (-)-Perillaldehyde, L-Perillaldehyde, (S)-Perillaldehyde

     (S)-(-)-Perillaldehyde is a major component in the essential oil containing in Perillae Herba. (S)-(-)-Perillaldehyde Chemical Structure
  28. GC49028 (S)-3-Thienylglycine

    L-R-(3-Thienyl)glycine, L-α-3-Thienylglycine

     A thienyl-containing amino acid (S)-3-Thienylglycine Chemical Structure
  29. GC52192 (S)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin

    (-)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin, p-nitro-Blebbistatin, para-nitro-Blebbistatin

     (S)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin is a non-cytotoxic, photostable, fluorescent and specific Myosin II inhibitor, usd in the study of the specific role of myosin II in physiological, developmental, and cell biological studies. (S)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin Chemical Structure
  30. GC48719 (S)-Canadine

    (-)-Canadine, (S)-Tetrahydroberberine

     (S)-Canadine is an alkaloid and intermediate in the biosynthesis of berberine with insecticidal activity. (S)-Canadine Chemical Structure
  31. GC46352 (S)-DO271 An inactive control for DO264 (S)-DO271 Chemical Structure
  32. GC11867 (S)-Lisofylline

    (+)-Lisofylline,(S)-LSF

     inactive optical enantiomer of (R)-LSF, an anti-inflammatory agent (S)-Lisofylline Chemical Structure
  33. GC13427 (S)-Methylisothiourea sulfate

    SMIT

     iNOS inhibitor (S)-Methylisothiourea sulfate Chemical Structure
  34. GC41740 (S)-p38 MAPK Inhibitor III

    (S)-p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor III, (S)-p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor III

     (S)-p38 MAPK inhibitor III is a methylsulfanylimidazole that inhibits p38 MAP kinase (IC50 = 0.90 μM in vitro). (S)-p38 MAPK Inhibitor III Chemical Structure
  35. GC46356 (Z)-9-Hexadecenol

    (9Z)-Hexadecen-1-ol, cis-9-Hexadecenol, Palmitoleyl Alcohol, (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol, Z9-16:OH

     An unsaturated long-chain fatty alcohol with diverse biological activities (Z)-9-Hexadecenol Chemical Structure
  36. GC38880 (Z)-Leukadherin-1

    ADH-503 free base

     (Z)-Leukadherin-1 (ADH-503 free base) is an orally active and allosteric CD11b agonist. (Z)-Leukadherin-1 leads to the repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages, reduction in the number of tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive myeloid cells, and enhances dendritic cell responses. (Z)-Leukadherin-1 Chemical Structure
  37. GC40121 (Z-DEVD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt)

    (Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp)2-Rhodamine 110

     (Z-DEVD)2-Rh 110 is a fluorogenic substrate for caspase-3. (Z-DEVD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt) Chemical Structure
  38. GC41742 (Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt)

    (Z-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp)2-R110, Rhodamine 110 bis-(N-CBZ-IETD)2

     (Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 is a fluorogenic substrate for caspase-8. (Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt) Chemical Structure
  39. GC18787 (±)-Dunnione

    NSC 95403

     (±)-Dunnione is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone with diverse biological activities. (±)-Dunnione Chemical Structure
  40. GC13662 (±)-Lisofylline

    BL 194,CT-1501R,LSF

     anti-inflammatory agent (±)-Lisofylline Chemical Structure
  41. GC19824 (±)-Pinocembrin

    (+)-Pinocembrin, Dihydrochrysin, NSC 279005

     (±)-Pinocembrin ((±)-5,7-Dihydroxyflavanone) is a GPR120 ligand able to promote wound healing in HaCaT cell line. (±)-Pinocembrin Chemical Structure
  42. GC46054 1β-Acetoxypolygodial A sesquiterpenoid 1β-Acetoxypolygodial Chemical Structure
  43. GC49768 1,1’-Ethylidene-bis-(L-tryptophan)

    Peak 97 Contaminant, Peak E Contaminant, Peak E Substance

     A potential impurity found in commercial preparations of L-tryptophan 1,1’-Ethylidene-bis-(L-tryptophan) Chemical Structure
  44. GC90937 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran

    A dioxin-like polychlorinated dibenzofuran

     1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Chemical Structure
  45. GC90938 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran

    A dioxin-like polychlorinated dibenzofuran

     1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chemical Structure
  46. GC90934 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

    A polychlorinated dibenzodioxin

     1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Chemical Structure
  47. GC45285 1,2,3-Trihexanoyl-rac-glycerol

    Glycerol trihexanoate, NSC 406885, Tricaproin, Trihexanoin

       1,2,3-Trihexanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  48. GC92074 1,2,3-Trioleoyl Glycerol-d5

    Glyceryl Trioleate-d5; TG(18:1/18:1/18:1)-d5; Triolein-d5

     1,2,3-Trioleoyl glycerol-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 1,2,3-trioleoyl glycerol by GC- or LC-MS. 1,2,3-Trioleoyl Glycerol-d5 Chemical Structure
  49. GC90744 1,2-Dioleoyl-3(R)-trimethylammoniumpropane (chloride)

    A cationic lipid

     1,2-Dioleoyl-3(R)-trimethylammoniumpropane (chloride) Chemical Structure
  50. GC46042 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, DPPC-13C2, 16:0-13C/16:0-13C-PC, PC(16:0-13C/16:0-13C)

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  51. GC45781 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-d31-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 16:0-d31/16:0-d31-PC, DPPC-d62, PC(16:0-d31/16:0-d31)

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-d31-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  52. GC46385 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-Mannopyranose A ManNAc analog and building block 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-Mannopyranose Chemical Structure
  53. GC46386 1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic Acid (sodium salt hydrate)

    P4S, PTS

     A synthetic intermediate 1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic Acid (sodium salt hydrate) Chemical Structure
  54. GC41837 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid

    8-oxo Caffeine, NSC 11259

    1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a methyl derivative of uric acid and a product of C-8 oxidation of caffeine by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

     1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid Chemical Structure
  55. GC46387 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid-d9

    TMU-d9, 8-oxo Caffeine-d9

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid-d9 Chemical Structure
  56. GC35037 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid

    1,5-DCQA, 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid

     1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid is a caffeoylquinic acid derivative, and activates PI3K/Akt. 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid Chemical Structure
  57. GC41855 1,3-Distearoyl-2-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol

    1,3-Distearin-2-Olein, TG(18:0/18:1/18:0)

     1,3-Distearoyl-2-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and oleic acid at the sn-2 position. 1,3-Distearoyl-2-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  58. GC11173 1,3-PBIT (dihydrobromide) potent inhibitor of iNOS 1,3-PBIT (dihydrobromide) Chemical Structure
  59. GC33314 1,4-Chrysenequinone (Chrysene-1,4-dione) 1,4-Chrysenequinone (Chrysene-1,4-dione), a polycyclic aromatic quinone, acts as an activator of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). 1,4-Chrysenequinone (Chrysene-1,4-dione) Chemical Structure
  60. GC14627 1,4-PBIT (dihydrobromide) potent inhibitor of purified human iNOS and nNOS 1,4-PBIT (dihydrobromide) Chemical Structure
  61. GC40706 1,6-Dimethoxyphenazine

    Crystalloiodinine B

     1,6-Dimethoxyphenazine is a bacterial metabolite that has been found in S. 1,6-Dimethoxyphenazine Chemical Structure
  62. GC49294 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine

    N-(p-Chlorobenzhydryl)-piperazine, Norchlorcyclizine, NSC 86164

     An inactive metabolite of meclizine and chlorcyclizine 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine Chemical Structure
  63. GC41986 1-Arachidonoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (ammonium salt)

    1-Arachidonoyl LPA, 1-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate, 1-Eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-PA, 20:4 Lyso PA, LPA(20:4), PA(20:4/0:0)

    1-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid is a phospholipid containing arachidonic acid at the sn-1 position.

     1-Arachidonoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (ammonium salt) Chemical Structure
  64. GC41990 1-Decanoyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(10:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Monocaprin, 1-Monodecanoin

     1-Decanoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains decanoic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Decanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  65. GC45957 1-Heptadecanoyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(17:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Heptadecanoin

     A monoacylglycerol 1-Heptadecanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  66. GC46481 1-Hydroxyphenazine

    Hemipyocyanine, NSC 88882

     A P. aeruginosa virulence factor 1-Hydroxyphenazine Chemical Structure
  67. GC49495 1-Isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfenyl)-hexane

    Lesquerellin, 6-Methylthiohexyl Isothiocyanate

     An isothiocyanate with diverse biological activities 1-Isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfenyl)-hexane Chemical Structure
  68. GC45696 1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(12:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Monolaurin, NSC 698570

     1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol (1-1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol) possesses anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity. 1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  69. GC90774 1-Linoleoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt)

    A glycerophospholipid

     1-Linoleoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt) Chemical Structure
  70. GC41998 1-Methyl-4-imidazoleacetic Acid (hydrochloride)

    Methylimidazoleacetic Acid, MIMA, MIAA

     1-Methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid (MIMA) is a stable metabolite of histamine that is produced by the oxidation of the primary metabolite, N-methylhistamine. 1-Methyl-4-imidazoleacetic Acid (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  71. GC19514 1-Methyl-L-tryptophan

    NSC 77678, L-1-Methyltryptophan, 1-L-MT, L-1MT

     1-Methyl-L-tryptophan Chemical Structure
  72. GC13379 1-Naphthyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate

    1-(3,5-Dinitrobenzoyloxy)naphthalene,1-Naphthalonol 3,5-dinitrobenzoate

     dual 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitor 1-Naphthyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate Chemical Structure
  73. GC18235 1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol

    α-Chimyl Alcohol, (S)-(+)-Chimyl Alcohol

    1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol is a bioactive alkyl glyceryl ether.

     1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol Chemical Structure
  74. GC42010 1-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol

    1-Monocaprylin, 1-Monooctanoin, 1-Monooctanoyl-rac-glycerol, Glycerol-1-Octanoate, MG(8:0/0:0/0:0)

     1-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains octanoic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  75. GC40910 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE

    18:1 LPE, 18:1 Lyso-PE, 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

     1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid and an analog of plasmalogen lysophosphatidylethanolamine. 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  76. GC40146 1-Oleoyl-2-Palmitoyl-rac-glycerol

    18:1/16:0-DG, DG(18:1/16:0/0:0), 1,2-OP, 1-Olein-2-Palmitin

     1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (1,2-OP) is a diacylglycerol containing oleic acid at the sn-1 position and palmitic acid at the sn-2 position. 1-Oleoyl-2-Palmitoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  77. GC18376 1-Palmitoleoyl glycerol

    1-Monopalmitoleoyl-rac-glycerol

     1-Palmitoleoyl glycerol is a bioactive monoacylglycerol. 1-Palmitoleoyl glycerol Chemical Structure
  78. GC42020 1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid

    1-Palmitoyl LPA

    1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position.

     1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid Chemical Structure
  79. GC42021 1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt)

    1Palmitoyl LPA

     1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt) Chemical Structure
  80. GC42023 1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, PAPC, PC(16:0/20:4)

     1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PAPC) is a phospholipid containing palmitic acid (16:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, that is found in biological membranes. 1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  81. GC42026 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-Phosphorylcholine, Lyso-PC, 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, PC(16:0/0:0), 16:0/0:0-PC

     1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is an abundant gonadal LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine). 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  82. GC18651 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE

    1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine

    1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid.

     1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  83. GC42035 1-Palmitoyl-2-Stearoyl-3-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol

    1-Palmitin-2-Stearin-3-Olein, TG(16:0/18:0/18:1)

     1-Palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. 1-Palmitoyl-2-Stearoyl-3-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  84. GC46490 1-Palmitoyl-d3-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine-d3, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine-d3, LPC-d3, 16:0/0:0(d3) Lyso-PC, 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine-d3, PC(16:0/0:0)-d3, 16:0/0:0-PC-d3

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Palmitoyl-d3-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  85. GC49071 1-Palmitoyl-d9 Lysophosphatidic Acid

    1-Palmitoyl-d9 LPA

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid 1-Palmitoyl-d9 Lysophosphatidic Acid Chemical Structure
  86. GC90811 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

    An internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

     1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  87. GC45693 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 16:0(d9) Lyso-PC, PC(16:0-d9/0:0), 16:0-d9/0:0-PC

     A quantitative analytical standard guaranteed to meet MaxSpec® identity, purity, stability, and concentration specifications 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  88. GC46491 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE

    1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine, 16:0 LPE-d9, 16:0 Lyso-PE-d9, 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  89. GC45694 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

    DPPC-d9, PC(16:0-d9/16:0), 16:0-d9/16:0-PC, 1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-2-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-2-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  90. GC42040 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE

    15(S)-HETE-SAPE, 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-SAPE, 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylethanolamine

     1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HETE at the sn-2 position. 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  91. GC49730 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11

    15(S)-HETE-SAPE-d11, 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-SAPE-d11, 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylethanolamine-d11

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11 Chemical Structure
  92. GC41331 1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    C18:0-PC, Lyso-PC, 1-Octadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, PC(18:0/0:0), 1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 1-Stearoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-PC

     1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is a saturated 18:0 lysophosphatidylcholine found in plasma and oxidized LDL that is thought to play a role in inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis. 1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  93. GC46498 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    S-Lyso-PC-d35, 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-PC

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  94. GC40176 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol

    18:0-MG, MG(18:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Monostearin, NSC 3875

     1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  95. GC46499 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol-d40

    18:0-d40-MG, 1-Monostearin-d40, MG(18:0-d40/0:0/0:0)

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol-d40 Chemical Structure
  96. GC46501 1-thio-β-D-Glucose Tetraacetate A building block 1-thio-β-D-Glucose Tetraacetate Chemical Structure
  97. GC45785 1-Undecanoyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(11:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Undecanoin

     A monoacylglycerol 1-Undecanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  98. GC41865 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces and a derivative of the antibiotic streptonigrin. 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin Chemical Structure
  99. GC90363 10(11)-Cl-BBQ

    A mixture that acts as an AhR agonist

     10(11)-Cl-BBQ Chemical Structure
  100. GC46400 10(11)-Cl-BBQ Mixture A mixture that acts as an AhR agonist 10(11)-Cl-BBQ Mixture Chemical Structure
  101. GC40971 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA

    10(S),17(S)-DiHDoHE, PDX, Protectin DX

     Protectin D1 (also known as neuroprotectin D1 when produced in neuronal tissues) is a DHA-derived dihydroxy fatty acid that exhibits potent protective and anti-inflammatory activities. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA Chemical Structure

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