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Home >> Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation >> Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive Oxygen Species

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO•), consist of radical and non-radical oxygen species formed by the partial reduction of oxygen. Cellular ROS are generated endogenously during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion.

ROS also activates MAPK pathways by the direct inhibition of MAPK phosphatases. Through PTEN, the PI3K pathway is subject to reversible redox regulation by ROS generated by growth factor stimulation. The activation of autophagy may be a cellular defense mechanism in response to ROS.

Targets for  Reactive Oxygen Species

Products for  Reactive Oxygen Species

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC47980 Propionyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride)

    An internal standard for the quantification of propionyl-L-carnitine

     Propionyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) Chemical Structure
  3. GC49120 Prosaptide TX14(A) (trifluoroacetate salt) A peptide fragment of prosaposin and GPR37L1 and GPR37 agonist Prosaptide TX14(A) (trifluoroacetate salt) Chemical Structure
  4. GN10805 Protopanaxdiol Protopanaxdiol Chemical Structure
  5. GN10237 Protopine Protopine Chemical Structure
  6. GC14847 Psoralidin apoptosis inducer Psoralidin Chemical Structure
  7. GC40006 Pyranonigrin A Pyranonigrin A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from Aspergillus that has antioxidant activity. Pyranonigrin A Chemical Structure
  8. GC48019 Quercetin (hydrate) A flavonoid with diverse biological activities Quercetin (hydrate) Chemical Structure
  9. GN10814 Quercitrin Quercitrin Chemical Structure
  10. GC62399 RA375 RA375 is a RPN13 (26S proteasome regulatory subunit) inhibitor. RA375 activates UPR signaling, ROS production and apoptosis. RA375 exhibits ten-fold greater activity against cancer lines than RA190, reflecting its nitro ring substituents and the addition of a chloroacetamide warhead. RA375 Chemical Structure
  11. GC66363 Randialic acid B Randialic acid B, a triterpenoid compound, is a formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) antagonist. Randialic acid B blocks FPR1 in human neutrophils and attenuates psoriasis-like inflammation in vivo. Randialic acid B Chemical Structure
  12. GC48029 RC363 An inhibitor of ferroptosis RC363 Chemical Structure
  13. GC48030 RC574 An inhibitor of ferroptosis RC574 Chemical Structure
  14. GC49790 Reuterin Reuterin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent active against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, as well as yeasts, moulds and protozoa. Reuterin Chemical Structure
  15. GC34758 Reynoutrin

    Reynoutrin (Quercetin-3-D-xyloside) is a flavonoid from Psidium cattleianum, with antioxidant and radical-scavenging activity.

     Reynoutrin Chemical Structure
  16. GN10475 Rhein Rhein Chemical Structure
  17. GC37531 Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate is a lipophilic flavin derivative with antioxidative and lipid peroxide-removing activity. Riboflavin Tetrabutyrate Chemical Structure
  18. GC67903 RIDR-PI-103 RIDR-PI-103 Chemical Structure
  19. GC39239 Rifamycin S Rifamycin S, a quinone, is an antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria (including MRSA). Rifamycin S Chemical Structure
  20. GC48401 Risuteganib (trifluoroacetate salt) An anti-integrin peptide Risuteganib (trifluoroacetate salt) Chemical Structure
  21. GC69831 ROS-ERS inducer 1

    ROS-ERS inducer 1 is a type II ICD (immunogenic cell death) inducer. It is a Pt(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene (Pt(II)-NHC) complex derived from 4,5-diphenylimidazole. ROS-ERS inducer 1 successfully induces endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) accompanied by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately leading to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in HCC cells. ROS-ERS inducer 1 exhibits much higher anti-cancer activity than cisplatin.

     ROS-ERS inducer 1 Chemical Structure
  22. GC39100 Rutaevin Rutaevin is isolated from the fruits of Euodia rutaecarpa. Rutaevin Chemical Structure
  23. GN10693 Rutin Rutin Chemical Structure
  24. GC44860 S1QEL1.1 S1QEL1.1 is a small molecule that suppresses superoxide production during reverse electron transport through the IQ site of the mitochondrial respiratory complex I (IC50 = 70 nM) without affecting oxidative phosphorylation. S1QEL1.1 Chemical Structure
  25. GC12517 Sasapyrine Sasapyrine, a non-acetylated salicylate, is an effective antirheumatic drug that bypasses gastric absorption and also avoids cyclooxygenase inhibition. Sasapyrine Chemical Structure
  26. GC46219 Satratoxin H A trichothecene mycotoxin Satratoxin H Chemical Structure
  27. GN10132 Schizandrin B Schizandrin B Chemical Structure
  28. GC48973 Sekikaic Acid A lichen metabolite with diverse biological activities Sekikaic Acid Chemical Structure
  29. GC62242 Sideroxylin Sideroxylin is a C-methylated flavone isolated from Callistemon lanceolatus and exerts antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Sideroxylin Chemical Structure
  30. GN10292 Silibinin Silibinin Chemical Structure
  31. GC30033 Sinapine thiocyanate Sinapine thiocyanate is an alkaloid isolated from seeds of the cruciferous species. Sinapine thiocyanate exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic and radio-protective effects. Sinapine thiocyanate is also an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson’s disease. Sinapine thiocyanate Chemical Structure
  32. GC31511 Sinapinic acid (Sinapic acid) Sinapinic acid (Sinapic acid) (Sinapic acid) is a phenolic compound isolated from Hydnophytum formicarum Jack. Sinapinic acid (Sinapic acid) Chemical Structure
  33. GC13616 Sodium ascorbate Sodium ascorbate (Sodium L-ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. Sodium ascorbate inhibits selectively Cav3.2 channels with an IC50 of 6.5 μM. Sodium ascorbate is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor. Sodium ascorbate Chemical Structure
  34. GC37661 Sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate Sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate (Sul-F) is a water-sol. Sodium formononetin-3'-sulfonate Chemical Structure
  35. GC62370 Sodium thiocyanate Sodium thiocyanate reduces plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and increases the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels. Sodium thiocyanate Chemical Structure
  36. GC63197 Sonlicromanol

    Sonlicromanol (KH176) is an orally active reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulator for the study in mitochondrial disease.

     Sonlicromanol Chemical Structure
  37. GC63198 Sonlicromanol hydrochloride Sonlicromanol (KH176) hydrochloride, a chemical entity derivative of Trolox, is a blood-brain barrier permeable ROS-redox modulator. Sonlicromanol hydrochloride Chemical Structure
  38. GC44918 SOTS-1 (technical grade)

    Superoxide radical anion is a toxic by-product of mitochondrial respiration that is formed from approximately 1-4% of the oxygen metabolized by aerobic organisms.

     SOTS-1 (technical grade) Chemical Structure
  39. GC64234 Spiraeoside Spiraeoside, an orally active natural compound, exerts antioxidant activity, inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde production. Spiraeoside Chemical Structure
  40. GC32216 Squalene (Super Squalene) Squalene (Super Squalene) is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity. Squalene (Super Squalene) Chemical Structure
  41. GC40922 SRS11-92 SRS11-92 is a ferroptosis inhibitor and a derivative of ferrostatin-1. SRS11-92 Chemical Structure
  42. GC44947 SRS16-86 A ferroptosis inhibitor SRS16-86 Chemical Structure
  43. GC49500 Stobadine A pyridoindole antioxidant Stobadine Chemical Structure
  44. GC31709 Succinobucol (AGI-1067) Succinobucol (AGI-1067) is a phenolic antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. Succinobucol (AGI-1067) Chemical Structure
  45. GC37700 Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is an α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDHC) inhibitor, effective inhibits (KGDHC) in muscle, bacterial, brain, and cultured human fibroblasts. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt Chemical Structure
  46. GC30532 Sulcotrione

    Sulcotrione is a β-triketone herbicide which can inhibit hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD).

     Sulcotrione Chemical Structure
  47. GC48764 Sydowinin B A xanthone polyketide with immunosuppressant activity Sydowinin B Chemical Structure
  48. GC44989 TAN 420E TAN 420E is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces. TAN 420E Chemical Structure
  49. GC49426 Taurine-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of taurine Taurine-d4 Chemical Structure
  50. GC39512 Tempo Tempo is a classic nitroxide radical and is a selective scavenger of ROS that dismutases superoxide in the catalytic cycle. Tempo induces DNA-strand breakage. Tempo can be used as an organocatalyst for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. Tempo has mutagenic and antioxidant effects. Tempo Chemical Structure
  51. GC45010 TEMPONE 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) is a stable radical that will react with reactive oxygen species (ROS). TEMPONE Chemical Structure
  52. GC34115 Tetrahydroxyquinone (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) Tetrahydroxyquinone (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone), a primitive anticataract agent, is a redox active benzoquinone. Tetrahydroxyquinone (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) can take part in a redox cycle with semiquinone radicals, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tetrahydroxyquinone (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) Chemical Structure
  53. GC61665 Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate (Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone monohydrate), a primitive anticataract agent, is a redox active benzoquinone. Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate can take part in a redox cycle with semiquinone radicals, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tetrahydroxyquinone monohydrate Chemical Structure
  54. GC48162 Theobromine-d6 An internal standard for the quantification of theobromine Theobromine-d6 Chemical Structure
  55. GC45578 Thymohydroquinone   Thymohydroquinone Chemical Structure
  56. GC49062 Tiopronin-d3 An internal standard for the quantification of tiopronin Tiopronin-d3 Chemical Structure
  57. GC45059 TMB (hydrochloride hydrate) TMB is an aromatic amine that undergoes oxidation by the higher oxidation states of heme peroxidases (compounds I and II) thereby serving as a reducing co-substrate. TMB (hydrochloride hydrate) Chemical Structure
  58. GC31377 Tofogliflozin hydrate (CSG-452 hydrate) Tofogliflozin hydrate (CSG-452 hydrate) is a potent and highly specific sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 2.9 nM and Ki values of 2.9 nM, 14.9 nM, and 6.4 nM for human, rat, and mouse SGLT2. Tofogliflozin hydrate (CSG-452 hydrate) Chemical Structure
  59. GC45066 Tosyl Phenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone Tosyl Phenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone (L-1-Tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone; L-Tosyl Phenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone) is a potent serine protease inhibitor that reacts with the retinoblastoma protein (RB)-binding core of HPV-18 E7 protein and abolish its RB-binding capability. Tosyl Phenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone Chemical Structure
  60. GC48194 trans-Resveratrol-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of trans-resveratrol trans-Resveratrol-d4 Chemical Structure
  61. GC40736 trans-trismethoxy Resveratrol Trans-Trimethoxyresveratrol is a derivative of Resveratrol (RSV),and it may be a more potent anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic and vascular-disrupting agent when compared with resveratrol. trans-trismethoxy Resveratrol Chemical Structure
  62. GC48414 Tribuloside (hydrate) A flavonoid with antibacterial and antioxidant activities Tribuloside (hydrate) Chemical Structure
  63. GC40928 Trimethylamine N-oxide Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a product of the oxidation of TMA by flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 in the liver. Trimethylamine N-oxide Chemical Structure
  64. GC19457 Trolox Trolox is a cell-permeable, water-soluble derivative of vitamin E with potent antioxidant properties. Trolox Chemical Structure
  65. GC68461 TrxR-IN-5 TrxR-IN-5 Chemical Structure
  66. GC49329 Turkesterone (hydrate) A phytoecdysteroid with diverse biological activities Turkesterone (hydrate) Chemical Structure
  67. GC33827 Uric acid Uric acid, scavenger of oxygen radical, is a very important antioxidant that help maintains the stability of blood pressure and antioxidant stress. Uric acid Chemical Structure
  68. GC15168 Urolithin A A gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid Urolithin A Chemical Structure
  69. GC60377 Urolithin C Urolithin C, a gut-microbial metabolite of Ellagic acid, is a glucose-dependent activator of insulin secretion. Urolithin C Chemical Structure
  70. GC61371 Veratric acid Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid) is an orally active phenolic compound derived from vegetables and fruits, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Veratric acid Chemical Structure
  71. GC33632 Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid) Veratric acid (3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid) Chemical Structure
  72. GC48247 Verrucarin A

    A macrocyclic trichothecene with diverse biological activities

     Verrucarin A Chemical Structure
  73. GC19377 Visomitin Visomitin is a new antioxidant with the highest mitochondrion membrane penetrating ability and potent antioxidant capability. Visomitin Chemical Structure
  74. GC10042 Vitamin E

    fat-soluble vitamin

     Vitamin E Chemical Structure
  75. GC45595 Vulpinic Acid   Vulpinic Acid Chemical Structure
  76. GN10074 Xanthotoxol Xanthotoxol Chemical Structure
  77. GC64552 XJB-5-131 XJB-5-131 is a mitochondria-targeted ROS and electron scavenger. XJB-5-131 Chemical Structure
  78. GC64127 Xylopine Xylopine is an aporphine alkaloid with cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. Xylopine induces oxidative stress, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Xylopine Chemical Structure
  79. GC38399 Zinc Protoporphyrin A heme oxygenase inhibitor Zinc Protoporphyrin Chemical Structure
  80. GN10650 Ziyuglycoside II Ziyuglycoside II Chemical Structure
  81. GC11513 Zofenopril calcium angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor Zofenopril calcium Chemical Structure

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