Proteases
Proteases is a general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze protein peptide chains. According to the way they degrade polypeptides, they are divided into two categories: endopeptidases and telopeptidases. The former can cut the large molecular weight polypeptide chain from the middle to form prions and peptones with smaller molecular weights; the latter can be divided into carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase, which respectively remove the peptide from the free carboxyl terminus or free amino terminus of the polypeptide one by one. Chain hydrolysis produces amino acids.
A general term for a class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins. According to the way they hydrolyze polypeptides, they can be divided into endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Endopeptidase cleaves the interior of the protein molecule to form smaller molecular weight peptones and peptones. Exopeptidase hydrolyzes peptide bonds one by one from the end of the free amino group or carboxyl group of protein molecules, and frees amino acids, the former is aminopeptidase and the latter is carboxypeptidase. Proteases can be classified into serine proteases, sulfhydryl proteases, metalloproteases and aspartic proteases according to their active centers and optimum pH. According to the optimum pH value of its reaction, it is divided into acidic protease, neutral protease and alkaline protease. The proteases used in industrial production are mainly endopeptidases.
Proteases are widely found in animal offal, plant stems and leaves, fruits and microorganisms. Microbial proteases are mainly produced by molds and bacteria, followed by yeast and actinomycetes.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. There are many kinds, the important ones are pepsin, trypsin, cathepsin, papain and subtilisin. Proteases have strict selectivity for the reaction substrates they act on. A protease can only act on certain peptide bonds in protein molecules, such as the peptide bonds formed by the hydrolysis of basic amino acids catalyzed by trypsin. Proteases are widely distributed, mainly in the digestive tract of humans and animals, and are abundant in plants and microorganisms. Due to limited animal and plant resources, the industrial production of protease preparations is mainly prepared by fermentation of microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus terrestris.
Targets for Proteases
- Caspase(114)
- Aminopeptidase(24)
- ACE(74)
- Calpains(20)
- Carboxypeptidase(10)
- Cathepsin(81)
- DPP-4(31)
- Elastase(26)
- Gamma Secretase(67)
- HCV Protease(59)
- HSP(113)
- HIV Integrase(37)
- HIV Protease(47)
- MMP(228)
- NS3/4a protease(8)
- Serine Protease(18)
- Thrombin(58)
- Urokinase(4)
- Cysteine Protease(0)
- Other Proteases(18)
- Tyrosinases(47)
- 15-PGDH(1)
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase(13)
- Acyltransferase(59)
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)(28)
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase(9)
- ATGL(1)
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase(56)
- Drug Metabolite(457)
- E1/E2/E3 Enzyme(90)
- Endogenous Metabolite(1636)
- FABP(30)
- Farnesyl Transferase(23)
- Glutaminase(14)
- Glutathione Peroxidase(14)
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)(28)
- Lactate Dehydrogenase(17)
- Lipoxygenase(234)
- Mitochondrial Metabolism(207)
- NEDD8-activating Enzyme(7)
- Neprilysin(12)
- PAI-1(13)
- Ser/Thr Protease(41)
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase(13)
- Xanthine Oxidase(18)
- MALT1(10)
- PCSK9(1)
Products for Proteases
- Cat.No. Product Name Information
- GC30649 (S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid (S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid is a normal human urinary metabolite that is excreted in increased concentration in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency.
- GC64473 (S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid lithium hydrate (S)-3,4-Dihydroxybutyric acid (lithium hydrate) is a normal human urinary metabolite that is excreted in increased concentration in patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency.
- GC62749 (S)-3-Hydroxy-2-(Phosphonooxy)Propanoic Acid (S)-3-Hydroxy-2-(Phosphonooxy)Propanoic Acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC30304 (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid ((S)-β-Hydroxybutanoic acid) (S)-3-Hydroxybutanoic acid ((S)-β-Hydroxybutanoic acid) is a normal human metabolite, that has been found elevated in geriatric patients remitting from depression.
- GC30623 (S)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (S)-3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an important interorgan metabolite, an intermediate in the pathways of l-valine and thymine and a good gluconeogenic substrate.
- GC30148 (S)-b-aminoisobutyric acid (S)-b-aminoisobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid originating from the catabolism of thymine and valine.
- GC32993 (S)-GNE-140 (S)-GNE-140 is the less active enantiomer of GNE-140 which can inhibit Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA).
- GC62751 (S)-Higenamine hydrobromide (S)-Higenamine ((S)-Norcoclaurine) hydrobromide, a S-enantiomer of Higenamine, is the entry compound in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis.
- GC40145 (S)-Laudanosine (S)-Laudanosine is the (S) enantiomer of laudanosine, a metabolite of the neuromuscular blocking agents atracurium and cisatracurium.
- GC30735 (S)-Leucic acid (S)-Leucic acid is an amino acid metabolite.
-
GC69914
(S)-Malic acid-d3
(S)-Malic acid-d3 is the deuterated form of (S)-Malic acid. (S)-Malic acid ((S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid) is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid and a source of fruity sour taste, commonly used as a food additive.
- GC35003 (S)-Nornicotine
- GC49179 (S)-O-Desmethyl Naproxen A metabolite of (S)-naproxen
- GC60419 (S)-O-Desmethyl Venlafaxine N-Oxide (S)-O-Desmethyl Venlafaxine N-Oxide is a N-oxyde of (S)-O-Desmethyl Venlafaxine.
- GC65883 (S,R)-WT IDH1 Inhibitor 2 (S,R)-WT IDH1 Inhibitor 2 (GSK321) is a potent, selective mutant IDH1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 2.9, 3.8, 4.6 and 46 nM for R132G, R132C, R132H and WT IDH1, respectively, and >100-fold selectivity over IDH2. (S,R)-WT IDH1 Inhibitor 2 induces decrease in intracellular 2-HG, abrogation of the myeloid differentiation block and induction of granulocytic differentiation at the level of leukemic blasts and more immature stem-like cells. (S,R)-WT IDH1 Inhibitor 2 can be used for research of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other cancers.
- GC67682 (S,S)-GSK321
- GC64535 (S,S)-TAPI-1 (S,S)-TAPI-1 is an isomer of TAPI-1.
- GC60427 (Z)-10-Hydroxynortriptyline (Z)-10-Hydroxynortriptyline is a metabolite of Nortriptyline.
- GC67761 (Z)-10-Hydroxynortriptyline-d3
- GC31253 (Z)-Hexadec-9-enoic acid (Z)-Hexadec-9-enoic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats.
- GC11847 (Z-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala)2Rh110 fluorogenic elastase substrate
-
GC18596
(±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic Acid
(±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic acid (4-ene VPA) is a major metabolite of valproic acid .
- GC16375 (±)-Jasmonic Acid methyl ester (±)-Jasmonic Acid methyl ester is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC41995 1'-hydroxy Midazolam Major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam
- GC45978 1,10-Phenanthroline (hydrate) o-Phenanthroline (1,10-Phenanthroline) monohydrate, a metal chelator, prevents the induction of chromosomal aberrations in streptozotocin-treated cells.
- GC41765 1,2,3-Tri-13(Z)-Docosenoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Tri-13(Z)-Docosenoyl-rac-glycerol is a trierucic acid triglyceride from the seed oil.
- GC41767 1,2,3-Triarachidonoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Triarachidonoyl-rac-glycerol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC41768 1,2,3-Tridecanoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Tridecanoyl-rac-glycerol (Glyceryl tridecanoate)is an orally available precursor of decanoic acid (DA) and can be hydrolyzed to DA.
- GC41770 1,2,3-Trieicosapentaenoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Trieicosapentaenoyl-rac-glycerol (EPA-TG) is a glycerol ester of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is an ω-3 fatty acid.
- GC45948 1,2,3-Trilinoelaidoyl-rac-glycerol A triacylglycerol
- GC46041 1,2,3-Trilinoleoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Trilinoleoyl-rac-glycerol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC41774 1,2,3-Trimyristoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Trimyristoyl-rac-glycerol, an active molluscicidal component ofMyristica fragransHoutt, significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP/ALP) activities in the nervous tissue ofLymnaea acuminata.
- GC41776 1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol is a symmetrical triacylglycerol, reduces MMP-1 upregulation, with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- GC41778 1,2,3-Tripalmitoyl-rac-glycerol 1,2,3-Tripalmitoyl-rac-glycerol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC39766 1,2-Cyclohexanedione
- GC41804 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC41822 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC41825 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (sodium salt) 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (sodium salt) (compound 3-F7) is a phosphatidic acid and a human endogenous metabolite[1]In Vitro: Phosphatidic acids are biologically active lipids that can stimulate a large range of responses in many different cell types, such as platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, in vivo vasoactive effects, chemotaxis, expression of adhesion molecules, increased tight junction permeability of endothelial cells, induction of stress fibres, modulation of cardiac contractility, and many others.
-
GC13877
1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol
weak activator of PKC
- GC33621 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (compound 3-F7) is a phosphatidic acid and a human endogenous metabolite.
- GC33789 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1,2-DSPE) 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1,2-DSPE) (DSPE) is a phosphoethanolamine (PE) lipid that can be used in the synthesis of liposomes.
-
GC41837
1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid
1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a methyl derivative of uric acid and a product of C-8 oxidation of caffeine by cytochrome P450 enzymes.
- GC46387 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid-d9 An internal standard for the quantification of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid
- GC62352 1,3-Butanediol 1,3-Butanediol, an ethanol dimer providing a source of calories for human nutrition.
- GC30742 1,3-Diaminopropane
- GC60433 1,3-Dimethyluracil 1,3-Dimethyluracil is a pyrimidone derives from a uracil.
- GC30749 1,3-Dimethyluric acid 1,3-Dimethyluric acid is a product of theophylline metabolism in man.
- GC60011 1,3-Dithiane 1,3-Dithiane is a protected formaldehyde anion equivalent that could serve as a useful labeled synthon.
- GC19528 1,4-Benzoquinone A toxic metabolite of benzene
- GC62755 1,4-D-Gulonolactone 1,4-D-Gulonolactone is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC35039 1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride 1,4-Diaminobutane (Putrescine) dihydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite, acts as an indicator of pollution-induced stress in higher plants: barley and rape stressed with Cr(III) or Cr(VI).
-
GC68486
1,4-Diaminobutane-d8 dihydrochloride
1,4-Diaminobutane-d8 (dihydrochloride) is the deuterated form of 1,4-Diaminobutane dihydrochloride. 1,4-Diaminobutane (Putrescine) dihydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite that can serve as an indicator of pollution caused by Cr(III) or Cr(VI) stress in higher plants such as barley and rapeseed.
- GC60435 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene
- GC38242 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diol 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC33801 1,5-Anhydrosorbitol A monosaccharide
- GC19717 1,6-anhydroglucose 1,6-anhydroglucose (1,6-Anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose) is an anhydrosugar produced through glucan pyrolysis and is widely found in nature.
- GC49294 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine An inactive metabolite of meclizine and chlorcyclizine
- GC38270 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid An NMDA receptor partial agonist
- GC64404 1-Aminopropan-2-ol 1-Aminopropan-2-ol is a microbial metabolism of amino alcohol metabolism via propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde in a species of Pseudomonas.
- GC35029 1-Arachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-Arachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a lysophospholipid (LyP).
- GC60445 1-Dodecanol 1-Dodecanol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC17829 1-Hexadecanol Fatty alcohol
-
GC68495
1-Hexadecanol-d4
1-Hexadecanol-d4 is the deuterated form of 1-hexadecanol. 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, which is a hydrophobic substrate.
-
GC68496
1-Hexadecanol-d5
1-Hexadecanol-d5 is the deuterated form of 1-hexadecanol. 1-Hexadecanol is a fatty alcohol, which is a hydrophobic substrate.
- GC38271 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC38670 1-Hydroxyoctadecane 1-Hydroxyoctadecane is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC60448 1-Hydroxypyrene 1-Hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is analyzed in urine samples.
- GC32294 1-Kestose A fructooligosaccharide with prebiotic and antidiabetic activities
- GC46482 1-Linoleoyl-2-Hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC 1-Linoleoyl-2-Hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC (1-Linoleoyl-2-Hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC), a lysophospholipid, is a potential biomarker identified from insulin resistance (IR) polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- GC64598 1-Methyl-L-histidine-d3 1-Methyl-L-histidine-d3 is the deuterium labeled 1-Methyl-L-histidine.
- GC33646 1-Methyladenine 1-Methyladenine is a product of alkylation damage in DNA which can be repaired by damage reversal by oxidative demethylation.
- GC33463 1-Methyladenosine A modified nucleoside and biomarker
- GC61442 1-Methylguanidine hydrochloride 1-Methylguanidine hydrochloride is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC35067 1-Methylguanosine A methylated purine nucleoside
- GC41999 1-Methylhistamine (hydrochloride) 1-Methylhistamine (hydrochloride) is a histamine metabolite.
- GC65038 1-Methylinosine 1-Methylinosine is a modified nucleotide found at position 37 in tRNA 3' to the anticodon of eukaryotic tRNA.
- GC42000 1-Methylnicotinamide (chloride) 1-Methylnicotinamide (chloride) (1-Methylnicotinamide chloride) is an endogenous metabolite.
-
GC31610
1-Methyluric acid
1-Methyluric acid acts on the urinary bladder mucosa and increases the blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels.
- GC60449 1-Methylxanthine 1-Methylxanthine, a caffeine derivative, is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP). 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.
- GC35068 1-Monomyristin A monoacylglycerol
- GC38556 1-Myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-Myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC30641 1-Naphthol (Fourrine ERN) 1-naphthol is an excited state proton transfer (ESPT) fluorescent molecular probe.
- GA20382 1-O-Octadecyl-rac-glycerol
- GC39470 1-Octanol 1-Octanol (Octanol), a saturated fatty alcohol, is a T-type calcium channels (T-channels) inhibitor with an IC50 of 4 μM for native T-currents.
- GC40183 1-Oleoyl Glycerol 1-Oleoyl Glycerol is an endogenous metabolite.
- GC46488 1-Palmitoyl-2-Docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC A phospholipid
-
GC68501
1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol
1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol is an endogenous metabolite and a major diacylglycerol in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1.
- GC49366 1-Salicylate Glucuronide A metabolite of salicylic acid and aspirin
- GC42039 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PC 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PC is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HETE at the sn-2 position.
- GC42040 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HETE at the sn-2 position.
- GC49730 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11 An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE
- GC42041 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PC 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PC is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HpETE at the sn-2 position.
- GC42042 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PE 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HpETE at the sn-2 position.
- GC11139 1-Stearoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC A phospholipid
-
GC68502
1-Stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-Stearoyl-2-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine can be chosen as a model volatile compound for studying the molecular species of oxidized phosphatidylcholines. This method was applied to actual food samples, namely soybean lecithin.
- GC40971 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA Protectin D1 (also known as neuroprotectin D1 when produced in neuronal tissues) is a DHA-derived dihydroxy fatty acid that exhibits potent protective and anti-inflammatory activities.
- GC49820 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy Carbamazepine A metabolite of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine
- GC66057 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine is the active metabolite of Oxcarbazepine. 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine also is an intermediate. Oxcarbazepine is rapidly and almost completely converted to 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine with probable Anticonvulsant efficacy.
- GC38881 10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid 10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid is a highly specific, selective, high affinity and orally active acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX1) inhibitor.
- GC49872 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade) 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade) is a form of tetrahydrofolic acid that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism.