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Mitochondrial Metabolism

Mitochondria use multiple carbon fuels to produce ATP and metabolites, including pyruvate, which is generated from glycolysis; amino acids such as glutamine; and fatty acids. These carbon fuels feed into the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix to generate the reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2, which deliver their electrons to the electron transport chain. Mitochondria are complex organelles that play an important role in many facets of cellular function, from metabolism to immune regulation and cell death. Mitochondria are actively involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and molecular interactions, such as calcium buffering, lipid flux, and intracellular signaling. It is increasingly recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of many diseases such as obesity/diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial metabolism is a key determinant of tumor progression by impacting on functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mitochondrial metabolism and derived oncometabolites shape the epigenetic landscape to alter aggressiveness features of cancer cells. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism are relevant for the survival of tumors in response to therapy.

Targets for  Mitochondrial Metabolism

Products for  Mitochondrial Metabolism

  1. Cat.No. Product Name Information
  2. GC40801 (±)9(10)-DiHOME Leukotoxin is the 9(10) epoxide of linoleic acid, generated by neutrophils during the oxidative burst. (±)9(10)-DiHOME  Chemical Structure
  3. GC14049 (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate sulfate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. In addition, it inhibits the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) .. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)  Chemical Structure
  4. GC41721 (R)-α-Lipoic Acid (R)-α-Lipoic acid is the naturally occurring enantiomer of lipoic acid, a cyclic disulfide antioxidant. (R)-α-Lipoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  5. GC18596 (±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic Acid

    (±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic acid (4-ene VPA) is a major metabolite of valproic acid .

    (±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  6. GC19528 1,4-Benzoquinone A toxic metabolite of benzene 1,4-Benzoquinone  Chemical Structure
  7. GC49872 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade) 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade) is a form of tetrahydrofolic acid that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade)  Chemical Structure
  8. GC46451 16F16 A PDI inhibitor 16F16  Chemical Structure
  9. GC42193 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) is an inhibitor of respiration in animals and bacteria. 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone  Chemical Structure
  10. GC49849 3-Aminosalicylic Acid A salicylic acid derivative 3-Aminosalicylic Acid  Chemical Structure
  11. GC42351 4-carboxy TEMPO 4-carboxy TEMPO is a nitroxide and spin label. 4-carboxy TEMPO  Chemical Structure
  12. GC49722 4-CF3-TPP-DC An inert mitochondriotropic carrier 4-CF3-TPP-DC  Chemical Structure
  13. GC41310 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate In addition to its role in the Krebs cycle, α-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) has roles as a substrate or modulator of enzymes. 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate  Chemical Structure
  14. GC46779 Acequinocyl A naphthoquinone acaricide Acequinocyl  Chemical Structure
  15. GC42695 Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A (sodium salt hydrate)

    Acetoacetyl coenzyme A (acetoacetyl-CoA) is a precursor to HMG-CoA in the isoprenoid pathway.

    Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A (sodium salt hydrate)  Chemical Structure
  16. GC46789 Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) An internal standard for the quantification of L-acetylcarnitine Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride)  Chemical Structure
  17. GC19021 Adjudin Adjudin is an extensively studied male contraceptive with a superior mitochondria-inhibitory effect. Adjudin  Chemical Structure
  18. GC42742 ADT-OH ADT-OH is a derivative of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) and synthetic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor. ADT-OH  Chemical Structure
  19. GC46812 Aflatoxin G1-13C17 An internal standard for the quantification of aflatoxin G1 Aflatoxin G1-13C17  Chemical Structure
  20. GC35262 Afzelin A polyphenolic glycoside flavone with diverse biological activities Afzelin  Chemical Structure
  21. GC63642 Agaric acid Agaric acid (Agaricinic Acid) is obtained from various plants of the fungous tribe, i. Agaric acid  Chemical Structure
  22. GC18437 Alternariol monomethyl ether Alternariol monomethyl ether, isolated from the roots of Anthocleista djalonensis (Loganiaceae), is an important taxonomic marker of the plant species. Alternariol monomethyl ether  Chemical Structure
  23. GC18274 Amiprofos-methyl Amiprofos-methyl (APM) is a phosphoric amide herbicide. Amiprofos-methyl  Chemical Structure
  24. GC42818 Antimycin A1

    Antimycin A, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species that demonstrates antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and piscicidal properties, is a mixture of Antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4.

    Antimycin A1  Chemical Structure
  25. GC18621 Antimycin A2 Antimycin A2 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex. Antimycin A2  Chemical Structure
  26. GC42820 Antimycin A4 Antimycin A4 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex that is more polar than antimycin A1, antimycin A2, and antimycin A3. Antimycin A4  Chemical Structure
  27. GC42821 AP219 AP39 is a compound used to increase the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) within mitochondria. AP219  Chemical Structure
  28. GC42823 AP39 AP39 is a compound used to increase the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) within mitochondria. AP39  Chemical Structure
  29. GC42846 Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine (chloride)

    Carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used in fatty acid metabolism.

    Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine (chloride)  Chemical Structure
  30. GC46883 AS-2077715 An inhibitor of fungal complex III AS-2077715  Chemical Structure
  31. GC31432 Asp-AMS Asp-AMS, an analogue of aspartyl-adenylate, is an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor and also a strong competitive inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme. Asp-AMS  Chemical Structure
  32. GC42874 Aureothin Aureothin is a natural nitroaryl-substituted polyketide that exhibits antitumor, antifungal, and insecticidal activities. Aureothin  Chemical Structure
  33. GC40677 Avenaciolide Avenaciolide is a water-insoluble fungal metabolite originally isolated from A. Avenaciolide  Chemical Structure
  34. GC18580 B355252 A neuroprotective agent B355252  Chemical Structure
  35. GC49901 BAY-179 BAY-179  Chemical Structure
  36. GC49403 Benzarone An active metabolite of benzbromarone Benzarone  Chemical Structure
  37. GC49318 Benzovindiflupyr A fungicide Benzovindiflupyr  Chemical Structure
  38. GC41252 BI-6C9

    BH3-interacting domain (Bid) is cleaved by caspase-8 to produce the truncated protein tBid, which facilitates cytochrome c release from mitochondria and drives apoptosis.

    BI-6C9  Chemical Structure
  39. GC52355 BimS BH3 (51-76) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A Bim-derived peptide BimS BH3 (51-76) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt)  Chemical Structure
  40. GC18408 BML-278 BML-278 is an activator of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) that has an EC150 value (effective concentration able to increase the enzyme by 150%) of 1 uM. BML-278  Chemical Structure
  41. GC46943 Boscalid A broad-spectrum carboxamide fungicide Boscalid  Chemical Structure
  42. GC42978 Bromamphenicol Bromamphenicol is a dibrominated derivative of the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Bromamphenicol  Chemical Structure
  43. GC43030 C16 dihydro Ceramide (d18:0/16:0)

    A bioactive sphingolipid

    C16 dihydro Ceramide (d18:0/16:0)  Chemical Structure
  44. GC48425 C18 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/18:0) A synthetic ceramide C18 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/18:0)  Chemical Structure
  45. GC49806 C18 Ganglioside GD3-d3 (ammonium salt) An internal standard for the quantification of ganglioside GD3 C18 Ganglioside GD3-d3 (ammonium salt)  Chemical Structure
  46. GC43050 C18 L-erythro Ceramide (d18:1/18:0) C18 L-erythro Ceramide is a naturally occurring ceramide and stereoisomer of C18 ceramide. C18 L-erythro Ceramide (d18:1/18:0)  Chemical Structure
  47. GC43051 C18 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/18:0) C18 L-threo Ceramide is a synthetic ceramide and stereoisomer of C18 ceramide that has been used for structural characterization of natural sphingolipids. C18 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/18:0)  Chemical Structure
  48. GC43052 C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) (Cer(t18:0/18:0)) is a bioactive sphingolipid found in S. C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0)  Chemical Structure
  49. GC40141 C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3) C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of C18 phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) by GC- or LC-MS. C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3)  Chemical Structure
  50. GC43069 C22 Ceramide (d18:1/22:0)

    C-22 ceramide is an endogenous bioactive sphingolipid.

    C22 Ceramide (d18:1/22:0)  Chemical Structure
  51. GC43141 Carboxyatractyloside (potassium salt) Carboxyatractyloside is a natural heteroglucoside produced in some plants, including A. Carboxyatractyloside (potassium salt)  Chemical Structure
  52. GC43195 CAY10703 Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an inhibitor of all pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) isoforms, which are enzymes that phosphorylate and inhibit PDH in mitochondria. CAY10703  Chemical Structure
  53. GC47065 CAY10773 A derivative of sorafenib CAY10773  Chemical Structure
  54. GC14727 CCCP

    Carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) is a protonophore, which causes uncoupling of proton gradient in the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus inhibiting the rate of ATP synthesis.

    CCCP  Chemical Structure
  55. GC65208 CCI-006 CCI-006 is a selective inhibitor and chemosensitizer of MLL-rearranged leukemia cells, by inhibits mitochondrial respiration resulting in insurmountable mitochondrial depolarization and a pro-apoptotic unfolded protein response (UPR) in a subset of MLL-r leukemia cells. CCI-006  Chemical Structure
  56. GC43289 Cochlioquinone B Cochlioquinone is a sesquiterpene metabolite originally isolated from C. Cochlioquinone B  Chemical Structure
  57. GC47114 Coenzyme A (lithium salt hydrate) An essential cofactor in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions Coenzyme A (lithium salt hydrate)  Chemical Structure
  58. GC43295 Coenzyme A (sodium salt hydrate) Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor functioning as an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A (sodium salt hydrate)  Chemical Structure
  59. GC47116 Coenzyme Q10-d6 An internal standard for the quantification of CoQ10 Coenzyme Q10-d6  Chemical Structure
  60. GC43297 Coenzyme Q2 Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP. Coenzyme Q2  Chemical Structure
  61. GC49454 Complex 3 A fluorescent copper complex with anticancer activity Complex 3  Chemical Structure
  62. GC47123 Coumarin-Quinone Conjugate A fluorescent substrate for NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases Coumarin-Quinone Conjugate  Chemical Structure
  63. GC19138 CTPI-2 A novel specific SLC25A1 inhibitor with Kd of 3.5 uM CTPI-2  Chemical Structure
  64. GC43345 Cyclohexanoyl Coenzyme A Cyclohexanoyl coenzyme A (CHCoA) is an acyl CoA that contains a cyclohexane group. Cyclohexanoyl Coenzyme A  Chemical Structure
  65. GC49863 Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate An active metabolite of cytarabine Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate  Chemical Structure
  66. GC25337 D-Carnitine hydrochloride D-Carnitine hydrochloride ((S)-Carnitine hydrochloride, (+)-Carnitine hydrochloride) is biosynthesized from lysine. It might be associated with the energy production from branched chain amino acids. D-Carnitine hydrochloride  Chemical Structure
  67. GN10072 Daidzin Daidzin  Chemical Structure
  68. GC40538 Decylubiquinone

    Decylubiquinone is an analog of ubiquinone.

    Decylubiquinone  Chemical Structure
  69. GC18869 Deoxyenterocin Deoxyenterocin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces that has diverse biological activities, including antibiotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. Deoxyenterocin  Chemical Structure
  70. GC49022 Didanosine-d2 An internal standard for the quantification of didanosine Didanosine-d2  Chemical Structure
  71. GC38620 Dihydrorotenone Dihydrorotenone, a natural pesticide, is a potent mitochondrial inhibitor. Dihydrorotenone  Chemical Structure
  72. GC43463 DiIC1(5) DiIC1(5) is a signal-off fluorescent probe for the detection of mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. DiIC1(5)  Chemical Structure
  73. GC47238 Diquat (bromide) Diquat (bromide) is a comprehensive herbicide commonly used in the cultivation of cotton, soybeans, and other crops to combat unwanted weeds. Diquat (bromide)  Chemical Structure
  74. GC43498 DL-α-Lipoic Acid DL-α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. DL-α-Lipoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  75. GC47243 DL-Carnitine-d9 (chloride) An internal standard for the quantification of carnitine DL-Carnitine-d9 (chloride)  Chemical Structure
  76. GC43543 DNP-INT DNP-INT is a quinone analog that inhibits electron transport in plants by competitively inhibiting plastoquinol oxidation by binding at the Qo site of cytochrome b6f (Kd = 1.4 nM). DNP-INT  Chemical Structure
  77. GC18439 Doxorubicinone A metabolite of doxorubicin Doxorubicinone  Chemical Structure
  78. GC47274 DS44960156 An MTHFD2 inhibitor DS44960156  Chemical Structure
  79. GC18992 Duclauxin Duclauxin decreases proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and increases the lifespan of mice innoculated with Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells. Duclauxin  Chemical Structure
  80. GC34569 Elamipretide TFA Elamipretide TFA  Chemical Structure
  81. GC32858 ER-000444793 ER-000444793 is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. ER-000444793 inhibits mPTP with an IC50 of 2.8?μM. ER-000444793  Chemical Structure
  82. GC14328 FCCP

    FCCP, a proton carrier (H+ ionophore), is also a powerful phosphoric acid defusing coupling agent, which promotes the depolarization of plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane.

    FCCP  Chemical Structure
  83. GC18641 Ferutinin Ferutinin is a plant-derived ester of a sesquiterpenic alcohol that acts as an agonist for estrogen receptor (ER) α (IC50 = 33.1 nM) and an agonist/antagonist for ERβ (IC50 = 180.5 nM). Ferutinin  Chemical Structure
  84. GC43664 Filipin II

    Filipin II is a polyene and an active component of the polyene antibiotic filipin complex.

    Filipin II  Chemical Structure
  85. GC43713 Fura-FF (potassium salt) Fura-FF (potassium salt) is a low-affinity fluorescent dye for calcium (Ex/Em: 365/514 nm in the absence of calcium; 339/507 nm in the presence of a high calcium concentration). Fura-FF (potassium salt)  Chemical Structure
  86. GC43714 Fura-FF AM Fura-FF AM is a cell-permeable acetoxymethyl ester of the fluorescence calcium indicator fura-FF (potassium salt). Fura-FF AM  Chemical Structure
  87. GC40008 Fuscin Fuscin is a quinonoid fungal metabolite originally isolated from O. Fuscin  Chemical Structure
  88. GC43723 Galactosylsphingosine (d18:1) Galactosylsphingosine (d18:1) (Galactosylsphingosine), a substrate of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, is a potential biomarker for Krabbe disease. Galactosylsphingosine (d18:1)  Chemical Structure
  89. GC43729 Ganglioside GD3 Mixture (sodium salt) Ganglioside GD3 is synthesized by the addition of two sialic acid residues to lactosylceramide and can serve as a precursor to the formation of more complex gangliosides by the action of glycosyl- and sialyltransferases. Ganglioside GD3 Mixture (sodium salt)  Chemical Structure
  90. GC36132 Genistein 8-c-glucoside Genistein 8-c-glucoside (G8CG) is a glucoside. Genistein 8-c-glucoside induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and induces apoptosis. Genistein 8-c-glucoside  Chemical Structure
  91. GC47399 Geranylgeranoic Acid An isoprenoid with anticancer activity Geranylgeranoic Acid  Chemical Structure
  92. GC61599 GW604714X GW604714X is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration supported by pyruvate but not other substrates. GW604714X  Chemical Structure
  93. GA10948 H-His-OH H-His-OH  Chemical Structure
  94. GC40665 Harzianopyridone Harzianopyridone is an atpenin-like inhibitor of mammalian and nematode mitochondrial complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; SQR) with IC50 values of 0.017, 0.2, and 2 μM for bovine, rat, and nematode complex II, respectively. Harzianopyridone  Chemical Structure
  95. GC52219 Heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine (chloride) A long-chain acylcarnitine Heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine (chloride)  Chemical Structure
  96. GC52231 Heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) An internal standard for the quantification of heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine Heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride)  Chemical Structure
  97. GC49479 Hypoxanthine-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of hypoxanthine Hypoxanthine-d4  Chemical Structure
  98. GC43887 IBTP (iodide) IBTP is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in mitochondria and forms stable thioether adducts in a thiol-specific manner. IBTP (iodide)  Chemical Structure
  99. GC49359 IM-156 (acetate) A mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and an AMPKα activator IM-156 (acetate)  Chemical Structure
  100. GC10576 Imeglimin

    Antidiabetic agent

    Imeglimin  Chemical Structure
  101. GC10956 Imeglimin hydrochloride Antidiabetic agent Imeglimin hydrochloride  Chemical Structure

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