Mitochondrial Metabolism
Mitochondria use multiple carbon fuels to produce ATP and metabolites, including pyruvate, which is generated from glycolysis; amino acids such as glutamine; and fatty acids. These carbon fuels feed into the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix to generate the reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2, which deliver their electrons to the electron transport chain. Mitochondria are complex organelles that play an important role in many facets of cellular function, from metabolism to immune regulation and cell death. Mitochondria are actively involved in a wide variety of cellular processes and molecular interactions, such as calcium buffering, lipid flux, and intracellular signaling. It is increasingly recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of many diseases such as obesity/diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial metabolism is a key determinant of tumor progression by impacting on functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mitochondrial metabolism and derived oncometabolites shape the epigenetic landscape to alter aggressiveness features of cancer cells. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism are relevant for the survival of tumors in response to therapy.
Targets for Mitochondrial Metabolism
Products for Mitochondrial Metabolism
- Cat.No. Product Name Information
- GC40801 (±)9(10)-DiHOME Leukotoxin is the 9(10) epoxide of linoleic acid, generated by neutrophils during the oxidative burst.
- GC14049 (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate sulfate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea that inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. In addition, it inhibits the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) ..
- GC41721 (R)-α-Lipoic Acid (R)-α-Lipoic acid is the naturally occurring enantiomer of lipoic acid, a cyclic disulfide antioxidant.
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GC18596
(±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic Acid
(±)-2-propyl-4-Pentenoic acid (4-ene VPA) is a major metabolite of valproic acid .
- GC19528 1,4-Benzoquinone A toxic metabolite of benzene
- GC49872 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade) 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (sodium salt) (technical grade) is a form of tetrahydrofolic acid that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism.
- GC46451 16F16 A PDI inhibitor
- GC42193 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) is an inhibitor of respiration in animals and bacteria.
- GC49849 3-Aminosalicylic Acid A salicylic acid derivative
- GC42351 4-carboxy TEMPO 4-carboxy TEMPO is a nitroxide and spin label.
- GC49722 4-CF3-TPP-DC An inert mitochondriotropic carrier
- GC41310 5-Octyl-α-ketoglutarate In addition to its role in the Krebs cycle, α-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) has roles as a substrate or modulator of enzymes.
- GC46779 Acequinocyl A naphthoquinone acaricide
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GC42695
Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A (sodium salt hydrate)
Acetoacetyl coenzyme A (acetoacetyl-CoA) is a precursor to HMG-CoA in the isoprenoid pathway.
- GC46789 Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) An internal standard for the quantification of L-acetylcarnitine
- GC19021 Adjudin Adjudin is an extensively studied male contraceptive with a superior mitochondria-inhibitory effect.
- GC42742 ADT-OH ADT-OH is a derivative of anethole dithiolethione (ADT) and synthetic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor.
- GC46812 Aflatoxin G1-13C17 An internal standard for the quantification of aflatoxin G1
- GC35262 Afzelin A polyphenolic glycoside flavone with diverse biological activities
- GC63642 Agaric acid Agaric acid (Agaricinic Acid) is obtained from various plants of the fungous tribe, i.
- GC18437 Alternariol monomethyl ether Alternariol monomethyl ether, isolated from the roots of Anthocleista djalonensis (Loganiaceae), is an important taxonomic marker of the plant species.
- GC18274 Amiprofos-methyl Amiprofos-methyl (APM) is a phosphoric amide herbicide.
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GC42818
Antimycin A1
Antimycin A, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species that demonstrates antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and piscicidal properties, is a mixture of Antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4.
- GC18621 Antimycin A2 Antimycin A2 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex.
- GC42820 Antimycin A4 Antimycin A4 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex that is more polar than antimycin A1, antimycin A2, and antimycin A3.
- GC42821 AP219 AP39 is a compound used to increase the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) within mitochondria.
- GC42823 AP39 AP39 is a compound used to increase the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) within mitochondria.
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GC42846
Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine (chloride)
Carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used in fatty acid metabolism.
- GC46883 AS-2077715 An inhibitor of fungal complex III
- GC31432 Asp-AMS Asp-AMS, an analogue of aspartyl-adenylate, is an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor and also a strong competitive inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme.
- GC42874 Aureothin Aureothin is a natural nitroaryl-substituted polyketide that exhibits antitumor, antifungal, and insecticidal activities.
- GC40677 Avenaciolide Avenaciolide is a water-insoluble fungal metabolite originally isolated from A.
- GC18580 B355252 A neuroprotective agent
- GC49901 BAY-179
- GC49403 Benzarone An active metabolite of benzbromarone
- GC49318 Benzovindiflupyr A fungicide
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GC41252
BI-6C9
BH3-interacting domain (Bid) is cleaved by caspase-8 to produce the truncated protein tBid, which facilitates cytochrome c release from mitochondria and drives apoptosis.
- GC52355 BimS BH3 (51-76) (human) (trifluoroacetate salt) A Bim-derived peptide
- GC18408 BML-278 BML-278 is an activator of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) that has an EC150 value (effective concentration able to increase the enzyme by 150%) of 1 uM.
- GC46943 Boscalid A broad-spectrum carboxamide fungicide
- GC42978 Bromamphenicol Bromamphenicol is a dibrominated derivative of the antibiotic chloramphenicol.
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GC43030
C16 dihydro Ceramide (d18:0/16:0)
A bioactive sphingolipid
- GC48425 C18 D-threo Ceramide (d18:1/18:0) A synthetic ceramide
- GC49806 C18 Ganglioside GD3-d3 (ammonium salt) An internal standard for the quantification of ganglioside GD3
- GC43050 C18 L-erythro Ceramide (d18:1/18:0) C18 L-erythro Ceramide is a naturally occurring ceramide and stereoisomer of C18 ceramide.
- GC43051 C18 L-threo Ceramide (d18:1/18:0) C18 L-threo Ceramide is a synthetic ceramide and stereoisomer of C18 ceramide that has been used for structural characterization of natural sphingolipids.
- GC43052 C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) C18 Phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) (Cer(t18:0/18:0)) is a bioactive sphingolipid found in S.
- GC40141 C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3) C18 Phytoceramide-d3 (t18:0/18:0-d3) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of C18 phytoceramide (t18:0/18:0) by GC- or LC-MS.
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GC43069
C22 Ceramide (d18:1/22:0)
C-22 ceramide is an endogenous bioactive sphingolipid.
- GC43141 Carboxyatractyloside (potassium salt) Carboxyatractyloside is a natural heteroglucoside produced in some plants, including A.
- GC43195 CAY10703 Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an inhibitor of all pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) isoforms, which are enzymes that phosphorylate and inhibit PDH in mitochondria.
- GC47065 CAY10773 A derivative of sorafenib
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GC14727
CCCP
Carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) is a protonophore, which causes uncoupling of proton gradient in the inner mitochondrial membrane, thus inhibiting the rate of ATP synthesis.
- GC65208 CCI-006 CCI-006 is a selective inhibitor and chemosensitizer of MLL-rearranged leukemia cells, by inhibits mitochondrial respiration resulting in insurmountable mitochondrial depolarization and a pro-apoptotic unfolded protein response (UPR) in a subset of MLL-r leukemia cells.
- GC43289 Cochlioquinone B Cochlioquinone is a sesquiterpene metabolite originally isolated from C.
- GC47114 Coenzyme A (lithium salt hydrate) An essential cofactor in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions
- GC43295 Coenzyme A (sodium salt hydrate) Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor functioning as an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism.
- GC47116 Coenzyme Q10-d6 An internal standard for the quantification of CoQ10
- GC43297 Coenzyme Q2 Coenzyme Q10 is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration, generating energy in the form of ATP.
- GC49454 Complex 3 A fluorescent copper complex with anticancer activity
- GC47123 Coumarin-Quinone Conjugate A fluorescent substrate for NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases
- GC19138 CTPI-2 A novel specific SLC25A1 inhibitor with Kd of 3.5 uM
- GC43345 Cyclohexanoyl Coenzyme A Cyclohexanoyl coenzyme A (CHCoA) is an acyl CoA that contains a cyclohexane group.
- GC49863 Cytarabine 5′-monophosphate An active metabolite of cytarabine
- GC25337 D-Carnitine hydrochloride D-Carnitine hydrochloride ((S)-Carnitine hydrochloride, (+)-Carnitine hydrochloride) is biosynthesized from lysine. It might be associated with the energy production from branched chain amino acids.
- GN10072 Daidzin
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GC40538
Decylubiquinone
Decylubiquinone is an analog of ubiquinone.
- GC18869 Deoxyenterocin Deoxyenterocin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces that has diverse biological activities, including antibiotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties.
- GC49022 Didanosine-d2 An internal standard for the quantification of didanosine
- GC38620 Dihydrorotenone Dihydrorotenone, a natural pesticide, is a potent mitochondrial inhibitor.
- GC43463 DiIC1(5) DiIC1(5) is a signal-off fluorescent probe for the detection of mitochondrial membrane potential disruption.
- GC47238 Diquat (bromide) Diquat (bromide) is a comprehensive herbicide commonly used in the cultivation of cotton, soybeans, and other crops to combat unwanted weeds.
- GC43498 DL-α-Lipoic Acid DL-α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes.
- GC47243 DL-Carnitine-d9 (chloride) An internal standard for the quantification of carnitine
- GC43543 DNP-INT DNP-INT is a quinone analog that inhibits electron transport in plants by competitively inhibiting plastoquinol oxidation by binding at the Qo site of cytochrome b6f (Kd = 1.4 nM).
- GC18439 Doxorubicinone A metabolite of doxorubicin
- GC47274 DS44960156 An MTHFD2 inhibitor
- GC18992 Duclauxin Duclauxin decreases proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and increases the lifespan of mice innoculated with Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells.
- GC34569 Elamipretide TFA
- GC32858 ER-000444793 ER-000444793 is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. ER-000444793 inhibits mPTP with an IC50 of 2.8?μM.
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GC14328
FCCP
FCCP, a proton carrier (H+ ionophore), is also a powerful phosphoric acid defusing coupling agent, which promotes the depolarization of plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane.
- GC18641 Ferutinin Ferutinin is a plant-derived ester of a sesquiterpenic alcohol that acts as an agonist for estrogen receptor (ER) α (IC50 = 33.1 nM) and an agonist/antagonist for ERβ (IC50 = 180.5 nM).
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GC43664
Filipin II
Filipin II is a polyene and an active component of the polyene antibiotic filipin complex.
- GC43713 Fura-FF (potassium salt) Fura-FF (potassium salt) is a low-affinity fluorescent dye for calcium (Ex/Em: 365/514 nm in the absence of calcium; 339/507 nm in the presence of a high calcium concentration).
- GC43714 Fura-FF AM Fura-FF AM is a cell-permeable acetoxymethyl ester of the fluorescence calcium indicator fura-FF (potassium salt).
- GC40008 Fuscin Fuscin is a quinonoid fungal metabolite originally isolated from O.
- GC43723 Galactosylsphingosine (d18:1) Galactosylsphingosine (d18:1) (Galactosylsphingosine), a substrate of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, is a potential biomarker for Krabbe disease.
- GC43729 Ganglioside GD3 Mixture (sodium salt) Ganglioside GD3 is synthesized by the addition of two sialic acid residues to lactosylceramide and can serve as a precursor to the formation of more complex gangliosides by the action of glycosyl- and sialyltransferases.
- GC36132 Genistein 8-c-glucoside Genistein 8-c-glucoside (G8CG) is a glucoside. Genistein 8-c-glucoside induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and induces apoptosis.
- GC47399 Geranylgeranoic Acid An isoprenoid with anticancer activity
- GC61599 GW604714X GW604714X is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration supported by pyruvate but not other substrates.
- GA10948 H-His-OH
- GC40665 Harzianopyridone Harzianopyridone is an atpenin-like inhibitor of mammalian and nematode mitochondrial complex II (succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase; SQR) with IC50 values of 0.017, 0.2, and 2 μM for bovine, rat, and nematode complex II, respectively.
- GC52219 Heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine (chloride) A long-chain acylcarnitine
- GC52231 Heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine-d3 (chloride) An internal standard for the quantification of heptadecanoyl-L-carnitine
- GC49479 Hypoxanthine-d4 An internal standard for the quantification of hypoxanthine
- GC43887 IBTP (iodide) IBTP is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in mitochondria and forms stable thioether adducts in a thiol-specific manner.
- GC49359 IM-156 (acetate) A mitochondrial complex I inhibitor and an AMPKα activator
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GC10576
Imeglimin
Antidiabetic agent
- GC10956 Imeglimin hydrochloride Antidiabetic agent