MitoNeoD

MitoNeoD is a novel mitochondria-targeted O2(⋅-) probe that can be used in vivo. It prevents DNA intercalation. MitoNeoD incorporates a carbon-deuterium bond, and enhances O2(⋅-) selectivity. MitoNeoD comprises a O2⋅--sensitive reduced phenanthridinium moiety modified to prevent DNA intercalation, as well as a carbon-deuterium bond to enhance its selectivity for O2⋅- over non-specific oxidation, and a triphenylphosphonium lipophilic cation moiety leading to the rapid accumulation within mitochondria. MitoNeoD is a versatile and robust probe to assess changes in mitochondrial O2⋅- from isolated mitochondria to animal models, thus offering a way to examine the many roles of mitochondrial O2⋅- production in health and disease.