Kinsenoside is a bioactive glycoside extracted from Anoectochilus roxburghii. Kinsenoside activates the Nrf2 pathway, inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, and modulates the IL-10/STAT3/SOCS3 axis. Kinsenoside can be used in research related to osteoarthritis, diabetic vascular complications, gouty arthritis, and chronic pain[1-4].
In vitro, RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with Kinsenoside (3.125–50μg/mL) for 24 hours, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide plus interferon‑γ for 24 hours. Kinsenoside significantly inhibited the expression of pro‑inflammatory factors (interleukin‑6, interleukin‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑12, inducible nitric oxide synthase) and promoted macrophage repolarization from the M1 to the M2 phenotype. Primary mouse chondrocytes were pretreated with Kinsenoside (6.25–25μg/mL) for 24 hours, followed by stimulation with interleukin‑1β (10ng/mL) for 24 hours. Kinsenoside significantly inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis and reduced the inflammatory response[5]. Triple‑negative breast cancer MDA‑MB‑231 and MDA‑MB‑468 cells were treated with Kinsenoside (10–100μM) for 2 days or 14 days. Kinsenoside significantly inhibited cell viability and reduced colony formation. Kinsenoside significantly suppressed lipid droplet formation, decreased triglyceride and total cholesterol accumulation, increased polyunsaturated fatty acid levels, and markedly induced ferroptosis[6].
In vivo, C57BL/6J mice were administered Kinsenoside (10, 20, 30mg/kg; once daily) by oral gavage while receiving CCl₄ (2mL/kg; twice a week) for 8 weeks. Kinsenoside significantly alleviated hepatic histopathological damage, pro‑inflammatory cytokine release, and extracellular matrix deposition[7]. C57BL/6J mice were administered Kinsenoside (20, 40mg/kg; once daily; for 9 consecutive weeks). Four weeks after Kinsenoside treatment began, alcoholic liver injury was induced by an ethanol‑containing liquid diet (4% ethanol) plus 5% CCl₄ (2mL/kg; twice a week; for 5 consecutive weeks). Kinsenoside significantly alleviated hepatic histopathological damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and collagen fiber deposition, while reducing serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and triglyceride levels[8].
References:
[1] Deng YF, Xu QQ, Chen TQ, et al. Kinsenoside alleviates inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH mice by suppressing the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 2022 Sep;104:154241.
[2] Lu L, Liao J, Xu C, et al. Kinsenoside-Loaded Microneedle Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing by Reprogramming Macrophage Metabolism via Inhibiting IRE1α/XBP1 Signaling Axis. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Jul;12(26):e2502293.
[3] Qi CX, Zhou Q, Yuan Z, et al. Kinsenoside: A Promising Bioactive Compound from Anoectochilus Species. Curr Med Sci. 2018 Feb;38(1):11-18.
[4] Wang W, Ding Y, Yu C, et al. Kinsenoside attenuates ER stress and inhibits inflammatory responses through IL-10/STAT/SOCS3 pathway in chronic pain relief. Neuropharmacology. 2025 Aug 1;273:110463.
[5] Zhou F, Mei J, Han X, et al. Kinsenoside attenuates osteoarthritis by repolarizing macrophages through inactivating NF-κB/MAPK signaling and protecting chondrocytes. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2019 Sep;9(5):973-985.
[6] Yang Y, Chen D, Zhu Y, et al. Kinsenoside Suppresses DGAT1-Mediated Lipid Droplet Formation to Trigger Ferroptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 5;26(5):2322.
[7] Xiang M, Liu T, Tian C, et al. Kinsenoside attenuates liver fibro-inflammation by suppressing dendritic cells via the PI3K-AKT-FoxO1 pathway. Pharmacol Res. 2022 Mar;177:106092.
[8] Gao L, Chen X, Fu Z, et al. Kinsenoside Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Injury by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Regulating AMPK-Dependent Autophagy. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 18;12:747325.