Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride is an anthocyanin monomer that possesses antioxidant activity[1-2]. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride is used in research related to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and intestinal microbiota regulation[3-4].
In vitro, human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs) were pretreated with Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (10µg/mL) for 24 hours, followed by stimulation with high glucose (30mmol/L) for 24-48 hours. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride significantly reduced reactive oxygen species levels, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD), downregulated Nox4 expression, altered nitric oxide levels, while also inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor production and lowering intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels, thereby exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to protect the cells[5]. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (1–100µM) for 18 hours, followed by stimulation with TNF-α (10µg/L) for 6 hours. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride significantly and concentration-dependently inhibited the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 at both the protein and mRNA levels, while also inhibiting IκBα degradation and blocking the nuclear translocation of the p65 protein[6].
In vivo, C57BL/6J male mice subcutaneously injected with human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were administered Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride (40mg/kg or 80mg/kg) via oral gavage every other day for 4 consecutive weeks. Malvidin-3-galactoside chloride significantly inhibited tumor growth, promoted tumor cell apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation, and upregulated PTEN expression while downregulating p-AKT expression in the tumor tissues[7].
References:
[1] Jie Lin, Jinlong Tian, Chi Shu, et al. Malvidin-3-galactoside from blueberry suppresses the growth and metastasis potential of hepatocellular carcinoma cell Huh-7 by regulating apoptosis and metastases pathway. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2020;9(2):136-145.
[2] Rutledge GA, Sandhu AK, Miller MG, et al. Blueberry phenolics are associated with cognitive enhancement in supplemented healthy older adults. Food Funct. 2021 Jan 7;12(1):107-118.
[3] Huang WY, Wu H, Li DJ, et al. Protective Effects of Blueberry Anthocyanins against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Injuries in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Feb 21;66(7):1638-1648.
[4] Huang W, Zhu Y, Li C, et al. Effect of Blueberry Anthocyanins Malvidin and Glycosides on the Antioxidant Properties in Endothelial Cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:1591803.
[5] Huang W, Yan Z, Li D, et al. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Blueberry Anthocyanins on High Glucose-Induced Human Retinal Capillary Endothelial Cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Feb 22;2018:1862462.
[6] Huang WY, Liu YM, Wang J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of the blueberry anthocyanins malvidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-galactoside in endothelial cells. Molecules. 2014 Aug 21;19(8):12827-41.
[7] Wang Y, Lin J, Tian J, et al. Blueberry Malvidin-3-galactoside Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating Apoptosis, Proliferation, and Metastasis Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Jan 16;67(2):625-636.