Petrobactin is a bis-catechol α-hydroxy acid siderophore, Fe (III) chelator, and oxidative stress protector. Petrobactin is produced by marine bacteria and Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain under iron-starvation conditions. Petrobactin promotes the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by microorganisms, as well as the proliferation, virulence exertion, vegetative growth, sporulation efficiency, and spore binding of Bacillus anthracis; it also mediates community iron acquisition in the global ocean. Petrobactin can be used in anthrax-related research [1] [2] [3] [4].
In Vitro, Petrobactin (25 μM; 12 h) restores efficient 12-h sporulation of Bacillus anthracis Sterne asb mutant strain in ModG medium to wild-type levels (≥107 CFU/mL spores), while the asb mutant shows delayed but full sporulation by 36 h without supplementation[3]. Petrobactin (25 μM; 24 h) restores 24-h growth and spore counts of Bacillus anthracis Sterne asb mutant strain in bovine blood to wild-type levels (≈108 CFU/mL total, ≈107 CFU/mL spores), though it only partially improves 72-h sporulation percentage[3]. Petrobactin (25 μM; 8 h) restores oxidative stress survival of 8-h-grown Bacillus anthracis Sterne asb mutant strain in ModG medium to wild-type levels (≈45-50% survival following 10 mM H2O2 exposure)[3].
References:
[1]. Barbeau K, et al. Petrobactin, a photoreactive siderophore produced by the oil-degrading marine bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2002 Jan 23;124(3):378-9.
[2]. Koppisch AT, et al. Petrobactin is the primary siderophore synthesized by Bacillus anthracis str. Sterne under conditions of iron starvation. Biometals: an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. 2005 Dec;18(6):577-85.
[3]. Hagan AK, et al. Petrobactin Protects against Oxidative Stress and Enhances Sporulation Efficiency in Bacillus anthracis Sterne. mBio. 2018 Nov 06;9(6):e02079-18.
[4]. Manck LE, et al. Petrobactin, a siderophore produced by Alteromonas, mediates community iron acquisition in the global ocean. The ISME journal. 2022 Feb;16(2):358-369.
In Vitro, Petrobactin (25 μM; 12 h) restores efficient 12-h sporulation of Bacillus anthracis Sterne asb mutant strain in ModG medium to wild-type levels (≥107 CFU/mL spores), while the asb mutant shows delayed but full sporulation by 36 h without supplementation[3]. Petrobactin (25 μM; 24 h) restores 24-h growth and spore counts of Bacillus anthracis Sterne asb mutant strain in bovine blood to wild-type levels (≈108 CFU/mL total, ≈107 CFU/mL spores), though it only partially improves 72-h sporulation percentage[3]. Petrobactin (25 μM; 8 h) restores oxidative stress survival of 8-h-grown Bacillus anthracis Sterne asb mutant strain in ModG medium to wild-type levels (≈45-50% survival following 10 mM H2O2 exposure)[3].
References:
[1]. Barbeau K, et al. Petrobactin, a photoreactive siderophore produced by the oil-degrading marine bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2002 Jan 23;124(3):378-9.
[2]. Koppisch AT, et al. Petrobactin is the primary siderophore synthesized by Bacillus anthracis str. Sterne under conditions of iron starvation. Biometals: an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. 2005 Dec;18(6):577-85.
[3]. Hagan AK, et al. Petrobactin Protects against Oxidative Stress and Enhances Sporulation Efficiency in Bacillus anthracis Sterne. mBio. 2018 Nov 06;9(6):e02079-18.
[4]. Manck LE, et al. Petrobactin, a siderophore produced by Alteromonas, mediates community iron acquisition in the global ocean. The ISME journal. 2022 Feb;16(2):358-369.