Triolein (1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol)

Triolein (1,2,3-Trioleoyl-rac-glycerol) is a triglyceride that has been utilized in the study of lipid metabolism-related processes^[1]. Triolein can serve as a model substrate to investigate the digestion, absorption, and transport of fats within the body^[2]. The content of Triolein and other related indicators hold significant reference value for assessing the quality and characteristics of oils and fats. Triolein is one of the key factors in measuring the nutritional components and related qualities of oils^[3]. Additionally, Triolein can be employed as a carrier in the construction of drug delivery systems, aiding in the effective transportation and targeted release of drugs^[4].

In vitro, pre-treatment of the human bulge stem cell line Tel-E6E7 with Triolein (20µM) for 24 hours, followed by UVB irradiation (6.8mJ/cm²), significantly inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) in fibroblasts^[5]. Pre-treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells with Triolein (10µM) for 24 hours, followed by stimulation with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL, 50µg/ml) for 24 hours, significantly increased cell viability, reduced apoptosis, inhibited the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin mRNA, enhanced the antioxidant defense system, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX)^[6].

In vivo, a single dose of Triolein (65%; 2mL) was administered via gastric gavage to lactating rats that had been starved for 18 hours and then re-fed. Triolein significantly inhibited the activation of lipogenesis in the mammary gland during re-feeding, decreased glucose uptake, increased glucose 6-phosphate concentration, and decreased fructose 1,6-bisphosphate concentration^[7]. Triolein (40mg/kg) was orally administered to C57BL/6J mice starting at 8-10 weeks of age and continued for 10 days. Triolein significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, enhanced neurological recovery, inhibited the activation of M1 microglia and inflammatory response, and suppressed autophagy following ischemic stroke via the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway^[8].

References:
[1] Tajima S, Yokoyama S, Yamamoto A. Mechanism of action of lipoprotein lipase on triolein particles: effect of apolipoprotein C-II. J Biochem. 1984 Dec;96(6):1753-67.
[2] Shirai K, Ohsawa I, Ishikawa Y, et al. Human plasma carboxyl esterase-catalyzed triolein hydrolysis. Existence of promoting factor in serum. J Biol Chem. 1985 May 10;260(9):5225-7.
[3] Warner K, Neff WE, Byrdwell WC, et al. Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the production of deep-fried odor in heated triolein and trilinolein. J Agric Food Chem. 2001 Feb;49(2):899-905.
[4] Zhang Z, Fang X, Hao J, et al. Triolein-based polycation lipid nanocarrier for efficient gene delivery: characteristics and mechanism. Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:2235-44.
[5] Leirós GJ, Kusinsky AG, Balañá ME, et al. Triolein reduces MMP-1 upregulation in dermal fibroblasts generated by ROS production in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci. 2017 Feb;85(2):124-130.
[6] Luo T, Deng ZY, Li XP, et al. Triolein and trilinolein ameliorate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Lipids. 2014 May;49(5):495-504.
[7] Mercer SW, Williamson DH. Rapid inhibition by intragastric triolein of the re-activation of glucose utilization and lipogenesis in the mammary gland during the starved-refed transition in lactating rats. Evidence for a direct effect of oral lipid on mammary tissue. Biochem J. 1988 Feb 15;250(1):269-76.
[8] Wang C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Smerin D, et al. Triolein alleviates ischemic stroke brain injury by regulating autophagy and inflammation through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol Med. 2024 Dec 6;30(1):242.