F1 (trifluoroacetate salt)

F1 is an anti-inflammatory peptide composed of the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain linked to a 15-amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 46-60 of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase-interacting peptide (IKIP).¹ It inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of IκB kinase α (IKKα) and IKKβ and nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages when used at a concentration of 5 µM. In vivo, F1 (5 mg/kg) decreases serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β and increases survival in a mouse model of LPS-induced sepsis.