GRGDSP TFA, a synthetic linear RGD peptide, is an integrin inhibitor [1]. GRGDSP TFA can induce cells to become round and activate matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), thereby increasing the levels of membrane-bound precursors and active forms of MMP-1 and MMP-2 [2]. GRGDSP TFA has been used to modify the surface of cardiovascular implants such as vascular grafts to promote endothelialization [3].
In vitro, GRGDSP TFA treatment (5mM) for 48h significantly inhibited the viability of rabbit chondrocytes and synovial cells, accompanied by an increase in Caspase-3 activity[4]. 10nM of GRGDSP TFA treatment for 24 hours significantly promoted the migration of human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF)[5].
In vivo, GRGDSP TFA treatment via administration (1mg/kg/day) at the injured site for 14 days significantly delayed the remyelination in Dhhcre/+;Ninj2fl/fl mice and reduced motor coordination and locomotion in mice [6]. A single arterial infusion of 0.25mg of GRGDSP TFA combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) inhibited the invasive growth and metastasis of tumor cells in rats with hepatic carcinoma within 12 days[7].
References:
[1] Qian J, Oppermann E, Tran A, et al. Transarterial administration of integrin inhibitor loaded nanoparticles combined with transarterial chemoembolization for treating hepatocellular carcinoma in a rat model[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2016, 22(21): 5042.
[2] Teti A, Farina A R, Villanova I, et al. Activation of MMP‐2 by human GCT23 giant cell tumour cells induced by osteopontin, bone sialoprotein and GRGDSP TFA peptides is RGD and cell shape change dependent[J]. International journal of cancer, 1998, 77(1): 82-93.
[3] Patel S, Tsang J, Harbers G M, et al. Regulation of endothelial cell function by GRGDSP TFA peptide grafted on interpenetrating polymers[J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials, 2007, 83(2): 423-433.
[4] Matsuki K, Sasho T, Nakagawa K, et al. RGD peptide-induced cell death of chondrocytes and synovial cells[J]. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 2008, 13(6): 524-532.
[5] Knapp D M, Helou E F, Tranquillo R T. A fibrin or collagen gel assay for tissue cell chemotaxis: assessment of fibroblast chemotaxis to GRGDSP TFA[J]. Experimental cell research, 1999, 247(2): 543-553.
[6] Sun Y, Chen X, Yue C, et al. Ninj2 regulates Schwann cells development by interfering laminin-integrin signaling[J]. Theranostics, 2022, 12(17): 7307.
[7] Qian J, Yin J, Liang H, et al. Experimental study on transarterial administration of GRGDSP TFA combined with transarterial chemoembolization in rats with hepatic carcinoma[J]. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology, 2008, 31(2): 377-382.
















