Oryzalin is a dinitroaniline herbicide. Oryzalin binds to plant tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization, thereby blocking mitosis and suppressing weed seedling growth. Oryzalin can be used in studies related to weed control and plant chromosome engineering[1-4].
In vitro, Oryzalin (0.1, 1, 10, 50μM) was applied to rice Nihon-Masari wild-type and ER31d suspension cells for 1–8 days. Oryzalin dose-dependently reduced cell viability, caused cell swelling and loss of anisotropy, and eliminated cortical microtubule arrays[5]. Oryzalin (0.41–31μM) was applied to Trypanosoma brucei variant 221 bloodstream forms, Leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes, J774 mouse macrophages, and PC3 human prostate cancer cells for 72h. Oryzalin inhibited the proliferation of T. brucei variant, L. donovani axenic amastigotes, J774 cells, and PC3 cells[6].
In vivo, Oryzalin (100mg/kg; every 12h) was administered by gastric intubation to neonatal Swiss ARC mice and Wistar neonatal rats inoculated with C. parvum oocysts for 3 days with a total of 6 doses. Oryzalin reduced the number of oocysts recovered from the guts of mice and rats[7]. Oryzalin (300–2000mg/kg; once daily) was administered by oral gavage or subcutaneous injection to C57Bl/6 mice bearing B16 melanoma tumors, starting 1 day after tumor inoculation for 3–10 days; Oryzalin (150–600mg/kg; once daily) was administered by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection to CD1 Nu/Nu mice bearing VRC5, CX-1, or HT-29 colon cancer xenografts, starting 7–14 days after tumor inoculation for 10 days. Oryzalin significantly inhibited the growth of B16 melanoma, while Oryzalin showed no obvious inhibitory effect on colon cancer xenografts[8].
References:
[1] Chen J, Yu Q, Patterson E, et al. Dinitroaniline Herbicide Resistance and Mechanisms in Weeds. Front Plant Sci. 2021 Mar 25;12:634018.
[2] Singh B, Yun S, Gil Y, et al. The Role of Colchicine in Plant Breeding. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jul 14;26(14):6743.
[3] Basit A, Lim KB. Systematic approach of polyploidy as an evolutionary genetic and genomic phenomenon in horticultural crops. Plant Sci. 2024 Nov;348:112236.
[4] Gantait S, Mukherjee E. Induced autopolyploidy-a promising approach for enhanced biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites: an insight. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2021 Jan 8;19(1):4.
[5] Morettini S, Gianì S, Nick P, et al. Two anti-microtubular drugs for two differential responses: a rice cell line resistant to EPC remains susceptible to oryzalin. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2013 Feb;63:107-14.
[6] Bhattacharya G, Herman J, Delfín D, et al. Synthesis and antitubulin activity of N1- and N4-substituted 3,5-dinitro sulfanilamides against African trypanosomes and Leishmania. J Med Chem. 2004 Mar 25;47(7):1823-32.
[7] Armson A, Sargent K, MacDonald LM, et al. A comparison of the effects of two dinitroanilines against Cryptosporidium parvum in vitro and in vivo in neonatal mice and rats. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999 Nov;26(2):109-13.
[8] Mara C, Dempsey E, Bell A, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of phosphoramidate and phosphorothioamidate analogues of amiprophos methyl as potential antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Oct 15;21(20):6180-3.