Peptidoglycan |
Catalog No.GF04826
One-Click Copy Product Info
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Peptidoglycan from Bacillus subtilis(Peptidoglycan) is a major component of the bacterial cell wall and is a polymer composed of sugars and amino acids. Peptidoglycan forms a mesh-like layer outside the bacterial cell membrane, providing structural strength and rigidity to the bacteria. Peptidoglycan also acts as a bioactive molecule to regulate the development, physiology, and pathology of eukaryotic cells.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 27814-48-8
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
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Peptidoglycan from Bacillus subtilis(Peptidoglycan) is a major component of the bacterial cell wall and is a polymer composed of sugars and amino acids. Peptidoglycan forms a mesh-like layer outside the bacterial cell membrane, providing structural strength and rigidity to the bacteria. Peptidoglycan also acts as a bioactive molecule to regulate the development, physiology, and pathology of eukaryotic cells [1]. Peptidoglycan is composed of long linear glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide stems. The glycan chains consist of repeating units of the disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine-β(1,4)-N-acetylmuramic acid[GlcNAc-β(1,4)-MurNAc], and the peptide stems are typically composed of alternating L-amino acids and D-amino acids [2]. Peptidoglycan is involved in modulating the activity of various signaling pathways and has the capacity to activate the immune response of the host, often being used as a disease inducer [3, 4].
In vitro, Peptidoglycan(20μg/ml) stimulates Toll-like receptor 2(TLR2) on the surface of keratinocytes, promoting the expression of JNK/MAPK and FosB signaling pathways stimulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor to enhance the activity of the IL-1β and IL-6 promoters, ultimately stimulating an inflammatory response [5]. Peptidoglycan(200μg/ml) can promote the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by activated macrophages, while increasing the activity of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways [6].
In vivo, Peptidoglycan(1.2mg/kg/day) was administered via intraperitoneal injection to male C57BL/6 mice for 4 weeks. Peptidoglycan did not alter food intake or body weight gain in mice but severely impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Peptidoglycan increased the fat mass and epididymal fat tissue weight of mice, as well as plasma and hepatic triglyceride levels and plasma cholesterol content [7]. Peptidoglycan(5mg/kg/day) was injected intravitreally into BALB/c mice for 6 hours. Peptidoglycan increased the number of inflammatory cells infiltrating the iris of the mice, including the number of rolling, adhering, and infiltrating leukocytes [8].
References:
[1] Bastos PAD, Wheeler R, Boneca IG. Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2021 Jan 8;45(1):fuaa044.
[2] Vollmer W, Blanot D, de Pedro MA. Peptidoglycan structure and architecture. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Mar;32(2):149-67.
[3] Kolonitsiou F, Syrokou A, Karamanos NK, et al. Immunoreactivity of 80-kDa peptidoglycan and teichoic acid-like substance of slime producing S. epidermidis and specificity of their antibodies studied by an enzyme immunoassay. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2001 Jan;24(3):429-36.
[4] Caruso R, Warner N, Inohara N, et al. NOD1 and NOD2: signaling, host defense, and inflammatory disease. Immunity. 2014 Dec 18;41(6):898-908.
[5] Wang L, Cheng B, Ju Q, et al. AhR Regulates Peptidoglycan-Induced Inflammatory Gene Expression in Human Keratinocytes. J Innate Immun. 2022;14(2):124-134.
[6] Wang F, Li Y, Yang C, et al. Mannan-Binding Lectin Suppresses Peptidoglycan-Induced TLR2 Activation and Inflammatory Responses. Mediators Inflamm. 2019 Jan 9;2019:1349784.
[7] Jin M, Lai Y, Zhao P, et al. Effects of peptidoglycan on the development of steatohepatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2020 Apr;1865(4):158595.
[8] Rosenzweig HL, Galster K, Vance EE, et al. NOD2 deficiency results in increased susceptibility to peptidoglycan-induced uveitis in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jun 9;52(7):4106-12.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
Keratinocytes |
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Preparation Method |
Keratinocytes were seeded as indicated and cultured for 24 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Twenty-four hours later, the medium was changed and supplemented with 1.2 mM calcium. After 24 h, cells were treated with Peptidoglycan (20μg/ml) for 48h. |
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Reaction Conditions |
20μg/ml; 48h |
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Applications |
Peptidoglycan promotes the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in Keratinocytes. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
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Animal models |
C57BL/6 mice |
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Preparation Method |
Thirteen-week-old male C57BL6 mice received daily intraperitoneal injection of Peptidoglycan at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Body weight was monitored weekly. Food consumption of each cage hosting 6 mice was recorded weekly. |
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Dosage form |
1.2mg/kg/day for 4 weeks; i.p. |
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Applications |
Peptidoglycan induced the progression of steatohepatitis of mice. |
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References: |
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| Cas No. | 27814-48-8 | SDF | |
| Formula | C3H5NO4 | M.Wt | 119.076 |
| Solubility | Storage | Store at -20°C | |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
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| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 8.398 mL | 41.99 mL | 83.98 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.6796 mL | 8.398 mL | 16.796 mL |
| 10 mM | 839.8 μL | 4.199 mL | 8.398 mL |
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)
g
μL
Step 2: Enter the in vivo formulation (This is only the calculator, not formulation. Please contact us first if there is no in vivo formulation at the solubility Section.)
Calculation results:
Working concentration: mg/ml;
Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL saline, mix and clarify.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.
Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.
3. All of the above co-solvents are available for purchase on the GlpBio website.
Quality Control & SDS
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Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 30 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)