In recent years, three types of innovative drugs (targets), namely ADCs, GLP-1 and PROTACs, have attracted much attention in the field of drug research and development. Whether through pipeline acquisitions or independent research and development, major pharmaceutical companies have been actively making arrangements. Especially the first two types of drugs have entered the "harvest period", with new drugs being approved from time to time.

P53 is the most important tumor suppressor gene, with broad and powerful functions. Since the discovery of p53 protein in 1979, p53 has been a "star molecule" in molecular biology and oncology. Using p53 as a keyword search in the PubMed database, over 100000 articles can be found.

Bcl-2 is the first discovered anti cell death gene that has been shown to prevent various stimuli induced cell apoptosis, including serum deprivation, heat shock, and chemotherapy agents. In addition, Bcl-2 can also inhibit certain forms of necrotic cell death, such as necrosis induced by hypoxia and respiratory depression.

Caspase is a group of proteases existing in the cytoplasm. Its full name is cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase. One of the important common features of caspases is that their active sites all contain cysteine, which enables them to specifically cleave peptide bonds on the aspartic acid residues of target proteins. This allows caspases to highly selectively cleave certain proteins. They play a significant role in programmed cell death (including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, etc.) and inflammation. Currently, 11 different caspases have been identified in humans. The mammalian Caspase family proteins can be classified into three major categories based on their structure and function.

AKT (PKB or Rac) is a serine/threonine kinase located at the core node of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway (PAM pathway), regulating basic functions such as transcription, translation, proliferation, growth, and apoptosis of cells. AKT has three subtypes: Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3. The PH domain (pleckstrin homology domain) of AKT specifically binds to PIP2 and PIP3, allowing AKT to be localized on the cell membrane. Subsequently, the kinase domain transfers the phosphate group of ATP to the substrate threonine for phosphorylation.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the most classic target in the field of anti-tumor therapy. EGFR is widely distributed on the surface of mammalian epithelial cells, fibroblasts, glial cells, keratinocytes, and other cells. EGFR signaling pathway plays an important role in physiological processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. EGFR mutations or overexpression generally trigger tumors. EGFR is a glycoprotein, belonging to the tyrosine kinase receptor type, with a cell membrane penetration and a molecular weight of 170KDa. EGFR is located on the surface of the cell membrane and is activated by binding to ligands, including EGF and TGFα. After activation, EGFR transforms from monomers to dimers, although there is also evidence that dimers exist before activation. EGFR may also be activated by aggregating with other members of the ErbB receptor family, such as ErbB2/Her2/neu.

The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway) is a very important intracellular signaling pathway, which refers to the intracellular signaling pathway composed of PI3K and protein Akt. It plays a key role in numerous physiological processes of cells, such as cell growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. The abnormal activation of this pathway is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases, especially cancer.

Quercetin, a bioactive plant-derived flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables, has shown remarkable promise in fighting melanoma, a deadly skin cancer. Research has revealed that quercetin can inhibit tumor growth without toxicity, boosting antitumor immunity by modulating the tumor immune microenvironment. This natural compound has been found to increase the percentages of immune cells, suppress cell proliferation and migration, and promote phagocytosis, making it a potential therapeutic agent for enhancing the efficacy of existing melanoma treatments. With its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, quercetin holds great potential as a complementary therapy for melanoma, offering new hope for patients seeking effective and natural solutions.

Dioscin, a natural steroidal saponin derived from Dioscorea nipponica Makino, exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Recent research highlighted its protective role in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.

In life science research, the assessment of cytotoxicity is an important indicator for measuring the impact of compounds or treatments on cell health. To accurately and quickly detect the extent of cell damage, Glpbio offers a cytotoxicity LDH assay kit. This kit measures cell damage by quantifying the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium, providing researchers with an efficient and reliable detection tool.