The development of many diseases, such as injury from ischemia-reperfusion, cancer and neurological and cardiovascular disorders, is largely influenced by oxidative stress.

A small chemical molecule, Apatinib Mesylate, also named YN968D1, is an orally administered antiangiogenic drug developed by Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical, China. YN968D1 specifically inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) tyrosine kinase. It blocks the pathways which lead to the downstream signalling of VEGFR-2 and reduces the density of cancer microvessels. When used against many experimental tumour models, Apatinib exhibits anticancer effectiveness. It prevents tumour angiogenesis by preventing the spread and development of vascular endothelial cells, it also inhibits other tyrosine kinases like c-Kit and c-Src.

The substance clozapine N-oxide (CNO) has recently come to light due to its application in pharmacology and neuroscience studies.

Yoda1is a synthetic and small molecule.

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a small molecule belonging to isohydroxamic acid. Its molecular structure showing its structural features is depicted in Figure 1.

Angiotensin Ⅱ human, Ang Ⅱ, are the other names of the Angiotensin Ⅱ. Chemically, it belongs to the family having ligands and named as Angiotensin. It is a synthetic and acts as a vasoconstrictor.

Other names of Geneticin include G418 and G418 Sulphate. Pharmaceutically, Geneticin is an antibiotic belonging to the category of aminoglycoside. Aminoglycosides are the compounds having the amino group bounded to the sugar moiety. Its antibiotic effect, specifically the antiviral effect has been confirmed against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), dengue virus (DENV).

Chemically, the full name of PX 478 is S-2-amino3-[4’-N, N,-bis(chloroethyl)amino]phenyl propionic acid N-oxide. It is a small molecule, i.e., having low atomicity and molecular weight. The 2D view of the molecular structure of the PX 478 compound is schematically depicted in Figure 1.

Chemically, Cy-5.5áN-hydroxysuccinamide ester is the full name of Cy 5.5 NHS ester. It is also known as cyanine 5.5 monosuccinimidyl ester. The Cy 5.5 NHS ester is a small molecule that implies that it has a low atomicity and also a low molecular weight.

The complete two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of the Cy 5.5 NHS ester compound is presented in the form of a schematic diagram in Figure 1.

Chemically, N-α-benzoyl-N5-(2-chloro-1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine amide is the full name of Cl-Amidine. The Cl-Amidine molecule is small, i.e., low atomicity and thus low molecular weight. As its name suggests it is an amidine having a halo atom, i.e., chlorine. The two-dimensional view of the molecular structure of the Cl-Amidine compound is diagrammatically presented in Figure 1.