Sapogenins Glycosides are a class of natural glycosidic secondary metabolites found in various plants with multiple biological functions. Sapogenins Glycosides can induce tumor cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibit VEGF/VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis to suppress tumor proliferation and metastasis, while exerting anti-inflammatory, lipid-regulating, and immunomodulatory effects through modulating AMPK and NF-κB pathways. Sapogenins Glycosides can be used in research on tumors, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and inflammation-related diseases[1-4].
In vitro, Sapogenins Glycosides (0.5μg/mL) pretreated gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma PC-9-ZD cells for 3h, followed by irradiation with 4Gy 6-MV X-ray. Sapogenins Glycosides induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in PC-9-ZD cells, upregulated the expression of p21/Waf1/Cip1, caspase-3, and Bax, downregulated Bcl-2 expression, promoted apoptosis, and enhanced the radiosensitivity of gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells[5]. Sapogenins Glycosides (12–50μg/mL) treated CHO-K1 cells for 72h, incubated human red blood cells with 0.5–100μg/mL for 1h, and simultaneously acted on clinical multidrug-resistant E. coli strains at 1–12μg/mL for 18h. Sapogenins Glycosides exhibited cytotoxicity toward CHO-K1 cells at 25 and 50μg/mL, dose-dependently increased the proportion of early apoptotic cells at 12–50μg/mL, caused dose-dependent hemolysis of human red blood cells at concentrations ≥25μg/mL, while promoting the growth of six clinical E. coli strains in LB medium at 12μg/mL[6].
In vivo, Sapogenins Glycosides (65mg/kg) were administered once by gavage to 4-week-old male ICR mice. Sapogenins Glycosides upregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of GIP in the mouse small intestine[7]. Sapogenins Glycosides (supplemented in feed at 10 or 30g/kg for 9 weeks) were fed to female ICR mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Sapogenins Glycosides reduced body weight and fat mass, decreased hepatic triacylglycerol and total cholesterol levels, increased fecal fat excretion, and elevated small intestinal weight[8].
References:
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[3] Basit A, Lim KB. Systematic approach of polyploidy as an evolutionary genetic and genomic phenomenon in horticultural crops. Plant Sci. 2024 Nov;348:112236.
[4] Gantait S, Mukherjee E. Induced autopolyploidy-a promising approach for enhanced biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites: an insight. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2021 Jan 8;19(1):4.
[5] Zhao PJ, Song SC, Du LW, et al. Paris Saponins enhance radiosensitivity in a gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle phase arrest. Mol Med Rep. 2016 Mar;13(3):2878-84.
[6] Arabski M, Węgierek-Ciuk A, Czerwonka G, et al. Effects of saponins against clinical E. coli strains and eukaryotic cell line. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012;2012:286216.
[7] Zhu H, Wang K, Chen S, et al. Saponins from Camellia sinensis Seeds Stimulate GIP Secretion in Mice and STC-1 Cells via SGLT1 and TGR5. Nutrients. 2022 Aug 19;14(16):3413.
[8] Han LK, Zheng YN, Xu BJ, et al. Saponins from platycodi radix ameliorate high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. J Nutr. 2002 Aug;132(8):2241-5.