LLO (91-99), an exotoxin, is a class I MHC-restricted T-cell epitopes of listeriolysin (LLO) [1]. After being processed by antigen-presenting cells, LLO (91-99) binds to MHC class I molecules and is presented on the cell surface, inducing a strong expansion of CD8+ T cells[2]. LLO (91-99) has been widely used to couple with gold nanoparticles to form the GNP-LLO 91-99 complex, serving as a new type of cancer treatment adjuvant to inhibit tumor migration and growth[3].
In vitro, LLO (91-99) (5μM) treatment for 24h resulted in high protection efficiency of dendritic cells (DC) against Listeria, and induced a strong CD8+ T cell response, while producing IFN-γ[4].
References:
[1] Verma N K, Ziegler H K, Wilson M, et al. Delivery of class I and class II MHC-restricted T-cell epitopes of listeriolysin of Listeria monocytogenes by attenuated Salmonella[J]. Vaccine, 1995, 13(2): 142-150.
[2] Rodriguez-Del Rio E, Frande-Cabanes E, Tobes R, et al. The intact structural form of LLO in endosomes cannot protect against listeriosis[J]. International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2011, 2(3): 207.
[3] Calderon-Gonzalez R, Terán-Navarro H, Garcia I, et al. Gold glyconanoparticles coupled to listeriolysin O 91–99 peptide serve as adjuvant therapy against melanoma[J]. Nanoscale, 2017, 9(30): 10721-10732.
[4] Calderón-González R, Frande-Cabanes E, Bronchalo-Vicente L, et al. Cellular vaccines in listeriosis: role of the Listeria antigen GAPDH[J]. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2014, 4: 22.