Spiramycin (Rovamycin) is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens with against bacteria and Toxoplasma gondii activities, and also has antiparasitic effect. Spiramycin is composed of a 16-member lactone ring, on which three sugars (mycaminose, forosamine, and mycarose) are attached[1][2].
Spiramycin (24 hours; 1-1000 μM; T. gondii infected HeLa cells and HeLa cells) treatment reduces the cytotoxicity, and shows anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity, with IC50 values of 189 μM for HeLa cells; and 262 μM for T. gondii-infected HeLa cells[3].
Spiramycin (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; every day; for 4 days; female KM mice) treatment reduces the number of tachyzoites, and reduces hepatotoxicity and significantly enhances antioxidative effects. Spiramycin treatment also decreases in the degree of granulomatous inflammation in the liver[3].
References:
[1]. Nguyen HC, et al. Post-PKS tailoring steps of the spiramycin macrolactone ring in Streptomyces ambofaciens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Aug;57(8):3836-42.
[2]. Etewa SE, et al. Assessment of spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles treatment on acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice. J Parasit Dis. 2018 Mar;42(1):102-113.
[3]. Guo HY, et al. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of (+)-Usnic Acid Derivatives as Potential Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Agents. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Aug 28;67(34):9630-9642.