Carmoisine

Carmoisine (Azorubine) is an azo dye that can be used as a food additive[1][2].

Carmoisine augments the in vitro synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and F2-isoprostanes from blood neutrophils. Carmoisine increases the formation of F2-isoprostanes from blood neutrophils at all tested concentrations[2].

Carmoisine (49.3-493 mg/kg; oral administration; for 42 days; male Wistar rats) treatment increases MAPK8 expression at remarkably low and high concentrations, the expression of NFκB and GADD45α does not change[1]. Animal Model: Male Wistar rats (120-300 g)[1]

[1]. B Raposa, et al. Food additives: Sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, azorubine, and tartrazine modify the expression of NFκB, GADD45α, and MAPK8 genes. Physiol Int. 2016 Sep;103(3):334-343. [2]. Latasha Leo, et al. Occurrence of azo food dyes and their effects on cellular inflammatory responses. Nutrition. 2018 Feb;46:36-40.