Hydroxytyrosol is a natural polyphenolic compound primarily found in olive leaves, possessing potent antioxidant activity[1]. Hydroxytyrosol can effectively scavenge free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress damage[2], and is commonly used in the development of nutraceuticals and in research on anticancer, antithrombotic, anti-arteriosclerotic, and lipid-modulating[3,4].
In vitro, SH-SY-5Y cells pretreated with Hydroxytyrosol (2, 5, and 10μM) for 24h followed by treatment with 45mM glucose for 6h exhibited a dose-dependent increase in cell viability[5]. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with Hydroxytyrosol (10, 50, and 100μM) for 18 days, which dose-dependently promoted calcium deposition and osteoblast mineralization[6].
In vivo, oral administration of Hydroxytyrosol (50mg/kg/day) by gavage to C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 17 weeks significantly inhibited the HFD-induced increases in body weight and organ weights (liver, perirenal fat, epididymal fat) and significantly improved glucose tolerance (OGTT) results[7]. db/db mice were orally administered Hydroxytyrosol (10mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks, which significantly increased the expression levels of mitochondrial complex I, II, and IV subunits in the cerebral cortex[5].
References:
[1] MANNA C, DELLA RAGIONE F, CUCCIOLLA V, et al. Biological effects of hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol from olive oil endowed with antioxidant activity[J]. Advances in Nutrition and Cancer 2, 1999: 115-130.
[2] RIETJENS S J, BAST A, HAENEN G R M M. New insights into controversies on the antioxidant potential of the olive oil antioxidant hydroxytyrosol[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55(18): 7609-7614.
[3] BERTELLI M, KIANI A K, PAOLACCI S, et al. Hydroxytyrosol: a natural compound with promising pharmacological activities[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2020, 309: 29-33.
[4] ZHANG X, QIN Y, WAN X, et al. Hydroxytyrosol plays antiatherosclerotic effects through regulating lipid metabolism via inhibiting the p38 signal pathway[J]. BioMed Research International, 2020, 2020(1): 5036572.
[5] ZHENG A, LI H, XU J, et al. Hydroxytyrosol improves mitochondrial function and reduces oxidative stress in the brain of db/db mice: role of AMP-activated protein kinase activation[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2015, 113(11): 1667-1676.
[6] HAGIWARA K, GOTO T, ARAKI M, et al. Olive polyphenol hydroxytyrosol prevents bone loss[J]. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2011, 662(1-3): 78-84.
[7] CAO K, XU J, ZOU X, et al. Hydroxytyrosol prevents diet-induced metabolic syndrome and attenuates mitochondrial abnormalities in obese mice[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2014, 67: 396-407.