Eleutheroside E

Eleutheroside E (EE) is a principal active component of Acanthopanax senticosus that possesses anti-fatigue, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory activities^[1].

In vitro, Eleutheroside E (100, 300 and 500μM; 48h) can improve the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) -induced apoptosis of PC-12 cells by increasing the mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)^[2]. Eleutheroside E (25μM; 72h) inhibited the cell viability with promoted apoptosis in Cervical cancer (CC) cells^[3]. Eleutheroside E (30, 60 and 100mM; 12h) administration attenuated the cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury^[4].

In vivo, Pre-treatment with Eleutheroside E (50 and 100 mg/kg; 3 days; i.p.) can improve the pathological manifestations of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), such as alveolar hemorrhage, thickening of the alveolar walls, inflammatory cell infiltration, and alveolar and interstitial edema, with the effects being positively related to the dose^[1]. Supplementation with Eleutheroside E (50 mg/kg/d; 4 weeks) can prevent radiation-induced cognitive impairment and damage of neuron morphology and ultrastructures in the hippocampus of mice^[5]. Eleutheroside E (10mg/kg; 20 days; gavage) alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (Htr2c)-dependent manner in rats^[6].

References:
[1] Shen Z, Huang D, Jia N, Zhao S, Pei C, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Shi S, Wang F, He Y, Wang Z. Protective effects of Eleutheroside E against high-altitude pulmonary edema by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023 Nov;167:115607.
[2] Yao Y, Liao C, Qiu H, Liang L, Zheng W, Wu L, Meng F. Effect of Eleutheroside E on an MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Cell Model and Its Mechanism. Molecules. 2023 Apr 29;28(9):3820.
[3] Cai Y, Zhang J, Xin T, Xu S, Liu X, Gao Y, Huang H. Eleutheroside E functions as anti-cervical cancer drug by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and reprogramming the metabolic responses. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2022 Sep 1;74(9):1251-1260.
[4] Wang S, Yang X. Eleutheroside E decreases oxidative stress and NF-κB activation and reprograms the metabolic response against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020 Jul;84:106513.
[5] Song C, Duan F, Ju T, Qin Y, Zeng D, Shan S, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Lu W. Eleutheroside E supplementation prevents radiation-induced cognitive impairment and activates PKA signaling via gut microbiota. Commun Biol. 2022 Jul 8;5(1):680.
[6] Liu Z, Gao W, Xu Y. Eleutheroside E alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C (Htr2c)-dependent manner in rats. Bioengineered. 2022 May;13(5):11718-11731.