Doxycycline-d3 (hyclate)

Doxycycline-d3 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of doxycycline by GC- or LC-MS. Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic.1,2 It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes.2,3 Doxycycline also selectively inhibits human matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and MMP-13 over MMP-1 with 50, 60, and 5% inhibition, respectively, when used at a concentration of 30 μM.4 It can be used as a regulator for inducible gene expression systems where expression depends on either the presence (Tet-On) or absence (Tet-Off) of doxycycline.5,6 Formulations containing doxycycline have been used in the treatment of bacterial infections and the prevention of malaria.

References
1. Williamson, G.M. The in vitro activity of vibramycin (doxycycline). Chemotherapia (Basel) 13(Suppl. 1), 1-6 (1968).
2. Griffin, M.O., Ceballos, G., and Villarreal, F.J. Tetracycline compounds with non-antimicrobial organ protective properties: Possible mechanisms of action. Pharmacol. Res. 63(2), 102-107 (2011).
3. Chopra, I. Tetracycline analogs whose primary target is not the bacterial ribosome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38(4), 637-640 (1994).
4. Smith, G.N., Jr., Mickler, E.A., Hasty, K.A., et al. Specificity of inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity by doxycycline: Relationship to structure of the enzyme. Arthritis Rheum. 42(6), 1140-1146 (1999).
5. Gould, D.J., Berenstein, M., Dreja, H., et al. A novel doxycycline inducible autoregulatory plasmid which displays "on"/"off" regulation suited to gene therapy applications. Gene Ther. 7(24), 2061-2070 (2000).
6. Li, Z., Michael, I.P., Zhou, D., et al. Simple piggyBac transposon-based mammalian cell expression system for inducible protein production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110(13), 5004-5009 (2013).