Myrislignan is the main active ingredient in nutmeg with anti-inflammatory, antifeeding, anticancer, and antifungal properties [1]. Myrislignan can disrupt the oxidative-antioxidative homeostasis of Toxoplasma gondii, induce the formation of autophagosome-like double-membrane structures and increase reactive oxygen species, thereby leading to the programmed death of Toxoplasma gondii [2]. Myrislignan has been widely used to inhibit the growth of hypocotyl and root growth in cress [3].
In vitro, Myrislignan treatment for 24 hours significantly inhibited the growth of Vero cells (IC50=228.22μg/ml) and the proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii (EC50=32.41μg/ml)[4]. Treatment with 50μg/ml Myrislignan for 18 hours significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and suppressed the mRNA expression and release of IL-6 and TNF-α[5]. Treatment with 55μg/ml Myrislignan for 48 hours significantly induced apoptosis in A549 cells, accompanied by the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in the protein level of cleaved caspase-3[6].
In vivo, intra-articular injection of Myrislignan at a dose of 1mg/kg into the right knee joint daily for 1 week, followed by injection once every three days for 3 weeks, significantly alleviated the progression of osteoarthritis and slowed cartilage matrix degradation in rats[7]. Intraperitoneal injection of Myrislignan at a dose of 5mg/kg every three days for 21 days significantly inhibited glioblastoma growth in mice and led to reduced expression of p-p65, Slug, and SLC7A11 in the tumors[8].
References:
[1] Zhang J, Si H, Sun J, et al. Determination of myrislignan levels in BALB/c mouse plasma by LC-MS/MS and a comparison of its pharmacokinetics after oral and intraperitoneal administration[J]. BMC veterinary research, 2021, 17(1): 275.
[2] Zhang J, Chen J, Lv K, et al. Myrislignan induces redox imbalance and activates autophagy in Toxoplasma gondii[J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021, 11: 730222.
[3] Suwitchayanon P, Suenaga K, Iwasaki A, et al. Myrislignan, a growth inhibitor from the roots of Citronella grass[J]. Natural product communications, 2017, 12(7): 1934578X1701200719.
[4] Zhang J, Si H, Li B, et al. Myrislignan exhibits activities against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019, 10: 2152.
[5] Jin H, Zhu Z G, Yu P J, et al. Myrislignan attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation reaction in murine macrophage cells through inhibition of NF‐κB signalling pathway activation[J]. Phytotherapy research, 2012, 26(9): 1320-1326.
[6] Lu X G, Yang L, Chen J X, et al. The action and mechanism of myrislignan on A549 cells in vitro and in vivo[J]. Journal of natural medicines, 2017, 71(1): 76-85.
[7] Wang L, Fu X, Xia T, et al. Myrislignan ameliorates the progression of osteoarthritis: An in vitro and in vivo study[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2024, 140: 112887.
[8] Zhou Y, Qian W, Li X, et al. NF‐κB Inhibitor Myrislignan Induces Ferroptosis of Glioblastoma Cells via Regulating Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transformation in a Slug‐Dependent Manner[J]. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2023, 2023(1): 7098313.