Coppersensor 1

Coppersensor 1 is a fluorescent sensor for selective and sensitive detection of copper(I) ions (Cu⁺) in biological samples, including live cells, with an excitation wavelength of 543nm and an emission wavelength of 576nm^[1]. Coppersensor 1 comprising a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophore coupled to a thioether-rich receptor, has a picomolar affinity for Cu⁺ with high selectivity over competing cellular metal ions. CS1 fluorescence increases up to 10-fold on binding to Cu^+[2]. Copper is the third most abundant transition metal after iron and zinc, which plays a crucial role in the biological system as it is a cofactor of various human enzymes for pigment production, antioxidant, defense, and other metabolism^[3]. Excess copper ions can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage bio-molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to liver, kidney, and digestive disorders, whereas insufficient copper ion intake can lead to metabolic disorders of the brain and nervous system^[4][5]. Coppersensor 1 can be applied in the research of cancer, antibacterial mechanisms, and neurodegenerative diseases^[6-8].

References:
[1] Miller, E. W., Zeng, L., Domaille, D. W., & Chang, C. J. (2006). Preparation and use of Coppersensor-1, a synthetic fluorophore for live-cell copper imaging. Nature protocols, 1(2), 824–827.
[2] Zeng, L., Miller, E. W., Pralle, A., Isacoff, E. Y., & Chang, C. J. (2006). A selective turn-on fluorescent sensor for imaging copper in living cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128(1), 10–11.
[3] Li, C., Li, Y., & Ding, C. (2019). The Role of Copper Homeostasis at the Host-Pathogen Axis: From Bacteria to Fungi. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(1), 175.
[4] Scolari Grotto, F., & Glaser, V. (2024). Are high copper levels related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between 2011 and 2022. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine, 37(1), 3–22.
[5] Madsen, E., & Gitlin, J. D. (2007). Copper and iron disorders of the brain. Annual review of neuroscience, 30, 317–337.
[6] Hu, Y., Qian, Y., Wei, J., Jin, T., Kong, X., Cao, H., & Ding, K. (2021). The Disulfiram/Copper Complex Induces Autophagic Cell Death in Colorectal Cancer by Targeting ULK1. Frontiers in pharmacology, 12, 752825.
[7] Santo, C. E., Quaranta, D., & Grass, G. (2012). Antimicrobial metallic copper surfaces kill Staphylococcus haemolyticus via membrane damage. MicrobiologyOpen, 1(1), 46–52.
[8] Eskici, G., & Axelsen, P. H. (2012). Copper and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry, 51(32), 6289–6311.