TNF-α (31-45), human is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from tumor necrosis factor α[1]. TNF-α (31-45) has been widely used to mimic the partial functions of the full-length protein in inflammatory response research[2].
References:[1] Li X, Zhang F, Zhou H, et al. Interplay of TNF-α, soluble TNF receptors and oxidative stress in coronary chronic total occlusion of the oldest patients with coronary heart disease[J]. Cytokine, 2020, 125: 154836.
[2] Hulbert L E, Cobb C J, Carroll J A, et al. The effects of early weaning on innate immune responses of Holstein calves[J]. Journal of dairy science, 2011, 94(5): 2545-2556.