Vasoconstriction

Isoprostanes are a family of prostanoid molecules of non-cyclooxygenase origin.

16,16-dimethyl PGE1 is a metabolically stable synthetic analog of PGE1.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (4-10) is an endogenous peptide fragment of ACTH, a peptide hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that is involved in the biological stress response.

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), such as 11(12)-EET and 14(15)-EET, are cytochrome P450 metabolites of arachidonic acid that have been identified as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors with vasodilator activity.

(5Z,11Z,15R)-15-Hydroxyeicosa-5,11-dien-13-ynoic acid is a stable isomer of 15(S)-HETE, a major arachidonic acid metabolite from the 15-lipoxygenase pathway.

Isoprostanes are produced by the non-enzymatic, free radical peroxidation of phospholipid-esterified arachidonic acid.

Levonordefrin is the (-)-enantiomer of nordefrin, a synthetic derivative of norepinephrine, that acts as a vasoconstrictor.

Prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) was first isolated as a dehydration product of the PGE1 compounds found in human semen.

15(S)-15-methyl Prostaglandin D2 (15(S)-15-methyl PGD2) is a metabolically stable synthetic analog of PGD2.

Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide) is an endogenous lipid neurotransmitter with cannabinergic activity, binding to both the central cannabinoid (CB1) and peripheral cannabinoid (CB2) receptors.

The apelin gene encodes a pre-proprotein that is processed to generate bioactive peptides consisting of 36, 17, or 13 amino acids: apelin-36, apelin-17, and apelin-13, respectively.

Angiotensin I is an endogenous peptide that is converted to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

Angiotensinogen (1-13) is a synthetic peptide precursor of angiotensin I that corresponds to amino acids 1-13 of endogenous human angiotensinogen.

Angiotensinogen (1-14), also known as tetradecapeptide (TDP), is a synthetic peptide precursor of angiotensin I that corresponds to amino acids 1-14 of endogenous human angiotensinogen.

Big endothelin-1 (BET-1) (1-38) is a peptide precursor of endothelin-1 produced by vascular smooth muscle and endothelium.

Endothelin-1 is a peptide vasoconstrictor and agonist of endothelin (ET) receptors ETA and ETB (IC50s = 0.15 and 0.12 nM, respectively).

Endothelin-2 is a peptide vasoconstrictor and ligand for the endothelin (ET) receptors ETA and ETB (Kbs= 32.8 and 1.33 nM, respectively).

Endothelin-3 is a peptide vasoconstricter and a ligand of the endothelin (ET) receptors ETA and ETB (Kbs = 1.05 and 1.49, respectively).

Metaraminol is a vasoconstrictor.

Arachidonoyl amides of both amino acids and neurotransmitters such as dopamine have been previously reported in the literature.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (6-27) is a PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 1,500, 600, and 300 nM, respectively, for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1, and human VPAC2 recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (6-38) is a PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 30, 600, and 40 nM, respectively for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1, and human VPAC2 recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (1-13) is an N-terminal fragment of PTH (1-34).

Thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP-14) is a 14-amino acid peptide agonist of the α-thrombin receptor.