Hypertension

(R,S)-Carvedilol glucuronide is a racemic mixture of the carvedilol metabolites (R)-carvedilol glucuronide and (S)-carvedilol glucuronide.

15-keto Treprostinil is an impurity found in treprostinil, which is a stable analog of prostaglandin I2 with a longer plasma half-life.

4-hydroxy Nebivolol is a major metabolite of nebivolol.

5-chloro Hydrochlorothiazide is a derivative of hydrochlorothiazide, which is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent that increases renal excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions by inhibiting tubular reabsorptive mechanisms.

5-methyl-2-HOBA is an isoketal scavenger.

Adrenomedullin (13-52) is a truncated form of adrenomedullin (1-52).

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is an endogenous peptide generated by proteolysis of prepro-ANP that is secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (3-28) is a synthetic and truncated form of ANP, which is an endogenous peptide generated by proteolysis of prepro-ANP that is secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart.

Benazeprilat is an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; IC50 = 0.28 nM in plasma from dog) and the active metabolite of the prodrug benazepril.

Beraprost is an analog of prostacyclin in which the unstable enol-ether has been replaced by a benzofuran ether function.

Bopindolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist.

Captopril disulfide is a metabolite and symmetrical disulfide form of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril.

Chlorthalidone impurity G is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of chlorthalidone that has moderate antihypertensive effects.

Ciprostene is the 9β-methyl analog of carbaprostacyclin and a stable analog of PGI2.

Dehydro amlodipine is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of amlodipine.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a peptide hormone that impacts vascular smooth muscle tone and renal salt exchange, driving hypertension.

Endothelin-3 is a peptide vasoconstricter and a ligand of the endothelin (ET) receptors ETA and ETB (Kbs = 1.05 and 1.49, respectively).

Fasudil (HA-1077; AT877) dihydrochloride is a nonspecific RhoA/ROCK inhibitor and also has inhibitory effect on protein kinases, with an Ki of 0.33 μM for ROCK1, IC50s of 0.158 μM and 4.58 μM, 12.30 μM, 1.650 μM for ROCK2 and PKA, PKC, PKG, respectively. HA-1077 (hydrochloride) is also a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist and vasodilator.

Bombesin is a peptide, originally isolated from the skin of the European fire-bellied toad, with pressor and sympathoexcitatory activity.

Mabuterol is an agonist of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR).

N-Desmethyl sildenafil is a major metabolite of sildenafil.

Nebivolol O-β-D-glucuronide is an active metabolite of the β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist nebivolol.

N-Hippuryl-His-Leu (hydrate) is a synthetic substrate for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that has been used in the in vitro identification of ACE inhibitors.,

Angiotensin II is a hormone that plays an important role in regulating blood pressure.