Innate Immunity

Arachidic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid that has been found in peanut butter and anaerobic fungi.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalyzes the phosphorylation of PI at the three position to produce the second messengers PtdIns-(3,4)-P2 and PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3.

AUY954 is an orally bioavailable and selective agonist of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1; EC50 = 1.2 nM for stimulating GTPγS binding to S1P1 in CHO cells).

Avenanthramide-C methyl ester is an inhibitor of NF-κB activation that acts by blocking the phosphorylation of IKK and IκB (IC50 ~ 40 μM).

FTY720 is a derivative of ISP-1 (myriocin), a fungal metabolite of the Chinese herb Iscaria sinclarii as well as a structural analog of sphingosine.

BAY 61-3606 (hydrochloride) is a potent and selective inhibitor of Syk kinase with a K i value of 7.5nM.

Berteroin is a sulforaphane analog found in cruciferous vegetables including Chinese cabbage, rucola salad leaves, and mustard oil.

BMS 345541 is a cell permeable inhibitor of the IκB kinases IKKα and IKKβ (IC50s = 4 and 0.3 μM).

BMS 470539 (hydrochloride) is a highly selective and potent melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) agonist. In cAMP accumulation assays, its EC 50 values for human and mouse MC1R are 16.8 and 11.6nM, respectively.

C16 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from C16 lactosylceramide.

C18 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from lactosylceramide.

C24:1 3'-sulfo Galactosylceramide is a member of the sulfatide class of glycolipids.

Campestanol is a phytosterol found in vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds.

CAY10575 (Compound 8) is an IKK2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.075 μM.

The biological effects of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) are transduced by at least two 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, designated DP1 and CRTH2/DP2.

Chk2 Inhibitor (compound 1) is a potent and selective inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), with IC50s of 13.5 nM and 220.4 nM for Chk2 and Chk1, respectively. Chk2 Inhibitor can elicit a strong ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent Chk2-mediated radioprotection effect.

Chloramphenicol succinate is a water-soluble prodrug form of the antibiotic chloramphenicol.

Corticostatin is a corticostatic peptide that has been found in human granulocytes.

CPI-268456 (compound 141) is a potent BRD4 inhibitor with an IC50 of <0.5 μM.

Cromolyn is a chromone complex that acts as a mast cell stabilizer, preventing the release of histamine.

C-Type natriuretic peptide-22 (CNP-22) is an endogenous peptide with diverse biological activities.

Cyclic di-IMP (sodium salt) (c-di-IMP) is a synthetic second messenger structurally related to the bacterial second messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP.

Deethylindanomycin is a polyether antibiotic that has been found in S.

Defensin HNP-1 is a peptide secreted by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) that has antimicrobial properties.