Fumaric acid - 13 C 2,d 2 is the d 2, 13 C-labeled Fumaric acid. Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension [1] [2] [3].
In Vitro, Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs.
References:
[1]. Whelan DT, et al. Fumaric aciduria: a new organic aciduria, associated with mental retardation and speech impairment. Clin Chim Acta. 1983 Aug 31;132(3):301-8.
[2]. Roh KB, et al. Fumaric acid attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Aug;58:423-31.
[3]. Zhou Y, et al. Fumaric acid and succinic acid treat gestational hypertension by downregulating the expression of KCNMB1 and TET1. Exp Ther Med. 2021 Oct;22(4):1072.
In Vitro, Stable heavy isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and other elements have been incorporated into drug molecules, largely as tracers for quantitation during the drug development process. Deuteration has gained attention because of its potential to affect the pharmacokinetic and metabolic profiles of drugs.
References:
[1]. Whelan DT, et al. Fumaric aciduria: a new organic aciduria, associated with mental retardation and speech impairment. Clin Chim Acta. 1983 Aug 31;132(3):301-8.
[2]. Roh KB, et al. Fumaric acid attenuates the eotaxin-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts by suppressing p38 MAPK-dependent NF-κB signaling. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Aug;58:423-31.
[3]. Zhou Y, et al. Fumaric acid and succinic acid treat gestational hypertension by downregulating the expression of KCNMB1 and TET1. Exp Ther Med. 2021 Oct;22(4):1072.