Pyridoxine HCl is the hydrochloride form of vitamin B6 that functions as an antioxidant[1]. Pyridoxine HCl can inhibit the α-glucosidase on the brush border of the small intestine, delaying the digestion of oligosaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides, thereby reducing the absorption rate of glucose[2]. Pyridoxine HCl acts as a co-factor to improve the conversion of glyoxylic acid into glycine in ethylene glycol poisoning[3]. Pyridoxine HCl can be used as a model compound to design new drugs and develop related derivatives[4].
In vitro, Pyridoxine HCl treatment for 24 hours significantly inhibited the cell viability of HepG2 cells, with an IC50 value of 6.32±0.98mM[5]. Treatment with 250μg/ml Pyridoxine HCl for 24 hours significantly altered the expression of cell surface markers in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated U937 cells, and reduced the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in the cells[6]. Treatment with 100mg/l Pyridoxine HCl for 24 hours can fully restore the migration ability and response to shear stress of human aortic endothelial cells cultured in 30.5mM glucose[7].
In vivo, Pyridoxine HCl treatment through intraperitoneal injection (350mg/kg; twice a day) for 2 weeks led to the increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of C57BL/6 mice and promoted neuroblast differentiation[8]. A single intraperitoneal injection of 180mg/kg dose of Pyridoxine HCl for 30 minutes increased the GABA level in the mouse brain and reduced the levels of glutamate and nitrite, and decreased the anxiety-related behaviors of the mice[9].
References:
[1] Bilski P, Li M Y, Ehrenshaft M, et al. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants[J]. Photochemistry and photobiology, 2000, 71(2): 129-134.
[2] Kim H H, Kang Y R, Choi H Y, et al. Postprandial anti-hyperglycemic effect of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) administration in healthy individuals[J]. Food science and biotechnology, 2019, 28(3): 907-911.
[3] Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M. Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review[J]. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2005, 12(2): 78-85.
[4] Shtyrlin Y G, Petukhov A S, Strelnik A D, et al. Chemistry of pyridoxine in drug design[J]. Russian Chemical Bulletin, 2019, 68(5): 911-945.
[5] Balakina A, Prikhodchenko T, Amozova V, et al. Preparation, antioxidant properties and ability to increase intracellular no of a new pyridoxine derivative B6NO[J]. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(9): 1451.
[6] Mikkelsen K, Dargahi N, Fraser S, et al. High-dose vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) displays strong anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes[J]. Biomedicines, 2023, 11(9): 2578.
[7] Kelso B G, Brower J B, Targovnik J H, et al. Pyridoxine restores endothelial cell function in high glucose[J]. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 2011, 9(1): 63-68.
[8] Yoo D Y, Kim W, Kim D W, et al. Pyridoxine enhances cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation by upregulating the GABAergic system in the mouse dentate gyrus[J]. Neurochemical research, 2011, 36(5): 713-721.
[9] Walia V, Garg C, Garg M. Anxiolytic-like effect of pyridoxine in mice by elevated plus maze and light and dark box: Evidence for the involvement of GABAergic and NO-sGC-cGMP pathway[J]. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 2018, 173: 96-106.