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Accueil >> Signaling Pathways >> Immunology/Inflammation

Immunology/Inflammation

The immune and inflammation-related pathway including the Toll-like receptors pathway, the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR4 initially recruits TIRAP and MyD88. MyD88 then recruits IRAKs, TRAF6, and the TAK1 complex, leading to early-stage activation of NF-κB and MAP kinases [1]. TLR4 is endocytosed and delivered to intracellular vesicles and forms a complex with TRAM and TRIF, which then recruits TRAF3 and the protein kinases TBK1 and IKKi. TBK1 and IKKi catalyze the phosphorylation of IRF3, leading to the expression of type I IFN [2].

BCR signaling is initiated through ligation of mIg under conditions that induce phosphorylation of the ITAMs in CD79, leading to the activation of Syk. Once Syk is activated, the BCR signal is transmitted via a series of proteins associated with the adaptor protein B-cell linker (Blnk, SLP-65). Blnk binds CD79a via non-ITAM tyrosines and is phosphorylated by Syk. Phospho-Blnk acts as a scaffold for the assembly of the other components, including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), Vav 1, and phospholipase C-gamma 2 (PLCγ2) [3]. Following the assembly of the BCR-signalosome, GRB2 binds and activates the Ras-guanine exchange factor SOS, which in turn activates the small GTPase RAS. The original RAS signal is transmitted and amplified through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which including the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase RAF followed by MEK and extracellular signal related kinases ERK 1 and 2 [4]. After stimulation of BCR, CD19 is phosphorylated by Lyn. Phosphorylated CD19 activates PI3K by binding to the p85 subunit of PI3K and produce phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) from PIP2, and PIP3 transmits signals downstream [5].

Central process of T cells responding to specific antigens is the binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR) to specific peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex which expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Once TCR connected with its ligand, the ζ-chain–associated protein kinase 70 molecules (Zap-70) are recruited to the TCR-CD3 site and activated, resulting in an initiation of several signaling cascades. Once stimulation, Zap-70 forms complexes with several molecules including SLP-76; and a sequential protein kinase cascade is initiated, consisting of MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK), and MAP kinase (MAPK) [6]. Two MAPK kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, have been reported to be the primary activators of JNK. MKK3, MKK4, and MKK6 are activators of P38 MAP kinase [7]. MAP kinase pathways are major pathways induced by TCR stimulation, and they play a key role in T-cell responses.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) binds to the cytosolic domain of CD28, leading to conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, activation of PKB (Akt) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), and subsequent signaling transduction [8].

 

References

[1] Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors[J]. Nature immunology, 2010, 11(5): 373-384.

[2] Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity[J]. Immunity, 2011, 34(5): 637-650.

[3] Packard T A, Cambier J C. B lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling: initiation, amplification, and regulation[J]. F1000Prime Rep, 2013, 5(40.10): 12703.

[4] Zhong Y, Byrd J C, Dubovsky J A. The B-cell receptor pathway: a critical component of healthy and malignant immune biology[C]//Seminars in hematology. WB Saunders, 2014, 51(3): 206-218.

[5] Baba Y, Matsumoto M, Kurosaki T. Calcium signaling in B cells: regulation of cytosolic Ca 2+ increase and its sensor molecules, STIM1 and STIM2[J]. Molecular immunology, 2014, 62(2): 339-343.

[6] Adachi K, Davis M M. T-cell receptor ligation induces distinct signaling pathways in naive vs. antigen-experienced T cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(4): 1549-1554.

[7] Rincón M, Flavell R A, Davis R A. The Jnk and P38 MAP kinase signaling pathways in T cell–mediated immune responses[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2000, 28(9): 1328-1337.

[8] Bashour K T, Gondarenko A, Chen H, et al. CD28 and CD3 have complementary roles in T-cell traction forces[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, 111(6): 2241-2246.

Targets for  Immunology/Inflammation

Products for  Immunology/Inflammation

  1. Cat.No. Nom du produit Informations
  2. GC61668 (E)-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid L'acide (E)-3,4-diméthoxycinnamique est l'isomère le moins actif de l'acide 3,4-diméthoxycinnamique. (E)-3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid Chemical Structure
  3. GC41702 (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil

    BVU

     (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil (BVU) is a pyrimidine base and an inactive metabolite of the antiviral agents sorivudine and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) that may be regenerated to BVDU in vivo. (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil Chemical Structure
  4. GC49003 (E)-Ajoene

    NSC 614554

     A disulfide with diverse biological activities (E)-Ajoene Chemical Structure
  5. GC41703 (E)-C-HDMAPP (ammonium salt)

    (E)5hydroxy4methylpent3enyl pyrophosphate

     Synthetic and natural alkyl phosphates, also known as phosphoantigens, stimulate the proliferation of γδ-T lymphocytes. (E)-C-HDMAPP (ammonium salt) Chemical Structure
  6. GC39747 (E/Z)-GSK5182 (E/Z)-GSK5182 est un composé racémique des isomères (E)-GSK5182 et (Z)-GSK5182. (E/Z)-GSK5182 Chemical Structure
  7. GC61564 (E/Z)-IT-603 (E/Z)-IT-603 est un mélange de E-IT-603 et de Z-IT-603 (IT-603). (E/Z)-IT-603 Chemical Structure
  8. GC72216 (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (acetate) (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (acetate) est un analogue de humanin, dans lequel le 14ème acide aminé, la sérine, est remplacé par la Glycine (Gly). (Gly14)-Humanin (human) (acetate) Chemical Structure
  9. GC41721 (R)-α-Lipoic Acid

    (R)-(+)-Lipoic Acid

     (R)-α-Lipoic acid is the naturally occurring enantiomer of lipoic acid, a cyclic disulfide antioxidant. (R)-α-Lipoic Acid Chemical Structure
  10. GC49167 (R)-(+)-Trityl glycidyl ether

    (R)-Trityl Glycidol

     A synthetic precursor (R)-(+)-Trityl glycidyl ether Chemical Structure
  11. GC13030 (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen

    (-)-Ibuprofen

     (R)-(-)-ibuprofène est l'énantiomère R de l'ibuprofène, inactif sur COX, inhibe l'activation de NF-κB; Le (R)-(-)-ibuprofène présente des effets anti-inflammatoires et antinociceptifs. (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen Chemical Structure
  12. GC69823 (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen-d3

    (R)-Ibuprofen-d3

    (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen-d3 est le déutérium de (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen. (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen est l'isomère R de l'Ibuprofène, qui n'a pas d'effet sur la COX et peut inhiber l'activation du NF-κB ; (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen a des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et peut être utilisé dans les études sur le soulagement de la douleur.

     (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen-d3 Chemical Structure
  13. GC41620 (R)-(-)-Mellein

    Ochracin

     La (R)-(-)-melléine est un antibiotique isolé des fluides de culture de cet Aspergillus. (R)-(-)-Mellein Chemical Structure
  14. GC91359 (R)-(4-Bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanamine

    (R)-(4-Bromophényl)(phényl)méthanamine est un intermédiaire synthétique.

     (R)-(4-Bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanamine Chemical Structure
  15. GC41712 (R)-3-hydroxy Myristic Acid

    (R)-3-hydroxy Tetradecanoic Acid

     Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are components of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria. (R)-3-hydroxy Myristic Acid Chemical Structure
  16. GC65610 (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone La (R)-5-hydroxy-1,7-diphényl-3-heptanone est un diarylheptanoÏde présent dans Alpinia officinarum. (R)-5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone Chemical Structure
  17. GC41717 (R)-Gyramide A (hydrochloride)

    (R)-534F6

     Le (R)-gyramide A (chlorhydrate) est un inhibiteur de l'ADN gyrase bactérienne qui perturbe l'activité de surenroulement avec une valeur IC50 de 3,3 µM. (R)-Gyramide A (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  18. GC65373 (R)-IL-17 modulator 4 Le modulateur (R)-IL-17 4 est la configuration R du modulateur IL-17 4. (R)-IL-17 modulator 4 Chemical Structure
  19. GC12578 (R)-Lisofylline

    (−)-Lisofylline,(R)-LSF

     La (R)-lisofylline ((R)-lisophylline) est un énantiomère (R) du métabolite de la pentoxifylline aux propriétés anti-inflammatoires. (R)-Lisofylline Chemical Structure
  20. GC72915 (R)-MRT199665 (R)-MRT199665 est un isomère de MRT199665. (R)-MRT199665 Chemical Structure
  21. GC52185 (R,S)-Anatabine-d4

    (±)-Anatabine-d4

     (R,S)-Anatabine-d4 Chemical Structure
  22. GC71831 (Rac)-Anemonin (Rac)-Anemonin Rac-Pulsatilla camphre est le diastéréoisomère de l’anémonine. (Rac)-Anemonin Chemical Structure
  23. GC18773 (Rac)-Benpyrine La (Rac)-benpyrine, un racémate de la benpyrine, est un puissant inhibiteur du TNF-α actif par voie orale. (Rac)-Benpyrine Chemical Structure
  24. GC39321 (Rac)-Myrislignan (Rac)-Myrislignan est le racé de Myrislignan. (Rac)-Myrislignan Chemical Structure
  25. GC66334 (Rac)-PF-184 hydrate L'hydrate de (Rac)-PF-184 est un puissant facteur inhibiteur-κB kinase 2 (IKK-2) avec une IC50 de 37 nM. L'hydrate de (Rac)-PF-184 a des effets anti-inflammatoires. (Rac)-PF-184 hydrate Chemical Structure
  26. GC69799 (Rac)-ZLc-002

    (Rac)-ZLc-002 est un inhibiteur de l'interaction entre la nNOS et la protéine d'ancrage de la NO synthase 1 (NOS1AP), qui inhibe la douleur inflammatoire et neuropathique induite par la chimiothérapie, et réduit synergiquement la viabilité des cellules tumorales avec le paclitaxel.

     (Rac)-ZLc-002 Chemical Structure
  27. GC46345 (S)-(-)-Perillaldehyde

    (-)-Perillaldehyde, L-Perillaldehyde, (S)-Perillaldehyde

     Le (S)-(-)-périllaldéhyde est un composant majeur de l'huile essentielle contenue dans Perillae Herba. (S)-(-)-Perillaldehyde Chemical Structure
  28. GC49028 (S)-3-Thienylglycine

    L-R-(3-Thienyl)glycine, L-α-3-Thienylglycine

     A thienyl-containing amino acid (S)-3-Thienylglycine Chemical Structure
  29. GC52192 (S)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin

    (-)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin, p-nitro-Blebbistatin, para-nitro-Blebbistatin

     (S)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin est un inhibiteur non cytotoxique, photostable, fluorescent et spécifique de la myosine II, utilisé dans l'étude du rÔle spécifique de la myosine II dans les études biologiques physiologiques, développementales et cellulaires. (S)-4'-nitro-Blebbistatin Chemical Structure
  30. GC48719 (S)-Canadine

    (-)-Canadine, (S)-Tetrahydroberberine

     La (S)-Canadine est un alcaloÏde et un intermédiaire dans la biosynthèse de la berbérine avec une activité insecticide. (S)-Canadine Chemical Structure
  31. GC46352 (S)-DO271 An inactive control for DO264 (S)-DO271 Chemical Structure
  32. GC11867 (S)-Lisofylline

    (+)-Lisofylline,(S)-LSF

     inactive optical enantiomer of (R)-LSF, an anti-inflammatory agent (S)-Lisofylline Chemical Structure
  33. GC13427 (S)-Methylisothiourea sulfate

    SMIT

     Le sulfate de (S)-méthylisothiourée est un inhibiteur puissant, sélectif et compétitif de l'oxyde nitrique synthase inductible (iNOS). (S)-Methylisothiourea sulfate Chemical Structure
  34. GC41740 (S)-p38 MAPK Inhibitor III

    (S)-p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor III, (S)-p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor III

     (S)-p38 MAPK inhibitor III is a methylsulfanylimidazole that inhibits p38 MAP kinase (IC50 = 0.90 μM in vitro). (S)-p38 MAPK Inhibitor III Chemical Structure
  35. GC46356 (Z)-9-Hexadecenol

    (9Z)-Hexadecen-1-ol, cis-9-Hexadecenol, Palmitoleyl Alcohol, (Z)-9-Hexadecen-1-ol, Z9-16:OH

     An unsaturated long-chain fatty alcohol with diverse biological activities (Z)-9-Hexadecenol Chemical Structure
  36. GC38880 (Z)-Leukadherin-1

    ADH-503 free base

     La (Z)-leukadhérine-1 (base libre ADH-503) est un agoniste CD11b actif par voie orale et allostérique. La (Z)-leukadhérine-1 entraÎne la repolarisation des macrophages associés À la tumeur, la réduction du nombre de cellules myéloÏdes immunosuppressives infiltrant la tumeur et améliore les réponses des cellules dendritiques. (Z)-Leukadherin-1 Chemical Structure
  37. GC40121 (Z-DEVD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt)

    (Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp)2-Rhodamine 110

     (Z-DEVD)2-Rh 110 is a fluorogenic substrate for caspase-3. (Z-DEVD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt) Chemical Structure
  38. GC41742 (Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt)

    (Z-Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp)2-R110, Rhodamine 110 bis-(N-CBZ-IETD)2

     (Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 is a fluorogenic substrate for caspase-8. (Z-IETD)2-Rh 110 (trifluoroacetate salt) Chemical Structure
  39. GC18787 (±)-Dunnione

    NSC 95403

     (±)-Dunnione is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone with diverse biological activities. (±)-Dunnione Chemical Structure
  40. GC13662 (±)-Lisofylline

    BL 194,CT-1501R,LSF

     La (±)-lisofylline ((±)-lisophylline) est le racémate de la lisofylline. (±)-Lisofylline Chemical Structure
  41. GC19824 (±)-Pinocembrin

    (+)-Pinocembrin, Dihydrochrysin, NSC 279005

     La (±)-pinocembrine ((±)-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone) est un ligand du GPR120 capable de favoriser la cicatrisation des plaies dans la lignée cellulaire HaCaT. (±)-Pinocembrin Chemical Structure
  42. GC46054 1β-Acetoxypolygodial A sesquiterpenoid 1β-Acetoxypolygodial Chemical Structure
  43. GC49768 1,1’-Ethylidene-bis-(L-tryptophan)

    Peak 97 Contaminant, Peak E Contaminant, Peak E Substance

     A potential impurity found in commercial preparations of L-tryptophan 1,1’-Ethylidene-bis-(L-tryptophan) Chemical Structure
  44. GC90937 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran

    Un dibenzofurane polychloré de type dioxine

     1,2,3,4,7,8,9-Heptachlorodibenzofuran Chemical Structure
  45. GC90938 1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran

    Un dibenzofurane polychloré de type dioxine

     1,2,3,4,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzofuran Chemical Structure
  46. GC90934 1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

    Un dibenzodioxine polychloré

     1,2,3,6,7,8-Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Chemical Structure
  47. GC45285 1,2,3-Trihexanoyl-rac-glycerol

    Glycerol trihexanoate, NSC 406885, Tricaproin, Trihexanoin

       1,2,3-Trihexanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  48. GC92074 1,2,3-Trioleoyl Glycerol-d5

    Glyceryl Trioleate-d5; TG(18:1/18:1/18:1)-d5; Triolein-d5

     1,2,3-Trioleoyl Glycerol-d5 est destiné à être utilisé comme étalon interne pour la quantification du 1,2,3-trioléoyl glycérol par GC- ou LC-MS. 1,2,3-Trioleoyl Glycerol-d5 Chemical Structure
  49. GC90744 1,2-Dioleoyl-3(R)-trimethylammoniumpropane (chloride)

    Un lipide cationique

     1,2-Dioleoyl-3(R)-trimethylammoniumpropane (chloride) Chemical Structure
  50. GC46042 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, DPPC-13C2, 16:0-13C/16:0-13C-PC, PC(16:0-13C/16:0-13C)

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  51. GC45781 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-d31-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-Dihexadecanoyl-d62-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 16:0-d31/16:0-d31-PC, DPPC-d62, PC(16:0-d31/16:0-d31)

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-d31-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  52. GC46385 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-Mannopyranose A ManNAc analog and building block 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-Mannopyranose Chemical Structure
  53. GC46386 1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic Acid (sodium salt hydrate)

    P4S, PTS

     A synthetic intermediate 1,3,6,8-Pyrenetetrasulfonic Acid (sodium salt hydrate) Chemical Structure
  54. GC41837 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid

    8-oxo Caffeine, NSC 11259

     L'acide 1,3,7-triméthylurique est le métabolite de la caféine. Le rapport métabolique de l'acide 1,3,7-triméthylurique À la caféine peut être évalué en tant que biomarqueur pour décrire la variabilité de l'activité du CYP3A dans une cohorte. 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid Chemical Structure
  55. GC46387 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid-d9

    TMU-d9, 8-oxo Caffeine-d9

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid 1,3,7-Trimethyluric Acid-d9 Chemical Structure
  56. GC35037 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid

    1,5-DCQA, 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid

     L'acide 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic est un dérivé de l'acide cafeoylquinic et active PI3K/Akt. 1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid Chemical Structure
  57. GC41855 1,3-Distearoyl-2-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol

    1,3-Distearin-2-Olein, TG(18:0/18:1/18:0)

     1,3-Distearoyl-2-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and oleic acid at the sn-2 position. 1,3-Distearoyl-2-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  58. GC11173 1,3-PBIT (dihydrobromide) potent inhibitor of iNOS 1,3-PBIT (dihydrobromide) Chemical Structure
  59. GC33314 1,4-Chrysenequinone (Chrysene-1,4-dione) La 1,4-Chrysènequinone (Chrysène-1,4-dione), une quinone aromatique polycyclique, agit comme un activateur du récepteur d'aryle hydrocarbure (AhR). 1,4-Chrysenequinone (Chrysene-1,4-dione) Chemical Structure
  60. GC14627 1,4-PBIT (dihydrobromide) potent inhibitor of purified human iNOS and nNOS 1,4-PBIT (dihydrobromide) Chemical Structure
  61. GC40706 1,6-Dimethoxyphenazine

    Crystalloiodinine B

     1,6-Dimethoxyphenazine is a bacterial metabolite that has been found in S. 1,6-Dimethoxyphenazine Chemical Structure
  62. GC49294 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine

    N-(p-Chlorobenzhydryl)-piperazine, Norchlorcyclizine, NSC 86164

     An inactive metabolite of meclizine and chlorcyclizine 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine Chemical Structure
  63. GC41986 1-Arachidonoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (ammonium salt)

    1-Arachidonoyl LPA, 1-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate, 1-Eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-PA, 20:4 Lyso PA, LPA(20:4), PA(20:4/0:0)

    1-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidic acid is a phospholipid containing arachidonic acid at the sn-1 position.

     1-Arachidonoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (ammonium salt) Chemical Structure
  64. GC41990 1-Decanoyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(10:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Monocaprin, 1-Monodecanoin

     1-Decanoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains decanoic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Decanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  65. GC45957 1-Heptadecanoyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(17:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Heptadecanoin

     A monoacylglycerol 1-Heptadecanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  66. GC46481 1-Hydroxyphenazine

    Hemipyocyanine, NSC 88882

     A P. aeruginosa virulence factor 1-Hydroxyphenazine Chemical Structure
  67. GC49495 1-Isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfenyl)-hexane

    Lesquerellin, 6-Methylthiohexyl Isothiocyanate

     An isothiocyanate with diverse biological activities 1-Isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfenyl)-hexane Chemical Structure
  68. GC45696 1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(12:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Monolaurin, NSC 698570

     Le 1-Lauroyl-rac-glycérol (1-1-Lauroyl-rac-glycérol) possède une activité antivirale et antibactérienne. 1-Lauroyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  69. GC90774 1-Linoleoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt)

    Un glycérophospholipide

     1-Linoleoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt) Chemical Structure
  70. GC41998 1-Methyl-4-imidazoleacetic Acid (hydrochloride)

    Methylimidazoleacetic Acid, MIMA, MIAA

     1-Methyl-4-imidazoleacetic acid (MIMA) is a stable metabolite of histamine that is produced by the oxidation of the primary metabolite, N-methylhistamine. 1-Methyl-4-imidazoleacetic Acid (hydrochloride) Chemical Structure
  71. GC19514 1-Methyl-L-tryptophan

    NSC 77678, L-1-Methyltryptophan, 1-L-MT, L-1MT

     1-Methyl-L-tryptophan Chemical Structure
  72. GC13379 1-Naphthyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate

    1-(3,5-Dinitrobenzoyloxy)naphthalene,1-Naphthalonol 3,5-dinitrobenzoate

     dual 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitor 1-Naphthyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate Chemical Structure
  73. GC18235 1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol

    α-Chimyl Alcohol, (S)-(+)-Chimyl Alcohol

    1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol is a bioactive alkyl glyceryl ether.

     1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol Chemical Structure
  74. GC42010 1-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol

    1-Monocaprylin, 1-Monooctanoin, 1-Monooctanoyl-rac-glycerol, Glycerol-1-Octanoate, MG(8:0/0:0/0:0)

     1-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains octanoic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Octanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  75. GC40910 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE

    18:1 LPE, 18:1 Lyso-PE, 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

     1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid and an analog of plasmalogen lysophosphatidylethanolamine. 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  76. GC40146 1-Oleoyl-2-Palmitoyl-rac-glycerol

    18:1/16:0-DG, DG(18:1/16:0/0:0), 1,2-OP, 1-Olein-2-Palmitin

     1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (1,2-OP) is a diacylglycerol containing oleic acid at the sn-1 position and palmitic acid at the sn-2 position. 1-Oleoyl-2-Palmitoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  77. GC18376 1-Palmitoleoyl glycerol

    1-Monopalmitoleoyl-rac-glycerol

     1-Palmitoleoyl glycerol is a bioactive monoacylglycerol. 1-Palmitoleoyl glycerol Chemical Structure
  78. GC42020 1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid

    1-Palmitoyl LPA

    1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position.

     1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid Chemical Structure
  79. GC42021 1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt)

    1Palmitoyl LPA

     1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (sodium salt) Chemical Structure
  80. GC42023 1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, PAPC, PC(16:0/20:4)

     1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (PAPC) is a phospholipid containing palmitic acid (16:0) and arachidonic acid (20:4) at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, that is found in biological membranes. 1-Palmitoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  81. GC42026 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-Phosphorylcholine, Lyso-PC, 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, PC(16:0/0:0), 16:0/0:0-PC

     Le 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycéro-3-PC est un LPC gonadique abondant (lysophosphatidylcholine). 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  82. GC18651 1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE

    1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine

    1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid.

     1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  83. GC42035 1-Palmitoyl-2-Stearoyl-3-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol

    1-Palmitin-2-Stearin-3-Olein, TG(16:0/18:0/18:1)

     1-Palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol that contains palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. 1-Palmitoyl-2-Stearoyl-3-Oleoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  84. GC46490 1-Palmitoyl-d3-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine-d3, 1-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine-d3, LPC-d3, 16:0/0:0(d3) Lyso-PC, 1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine-d3, PC(16:0/0:0)-d3, 16:0/0:0-PC-d3

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Palmitoyl-d3-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  85. GC49071 1-Palmitoyl-d9 Lysophosphatidic Acid

    1-Palmitoyl-d9 LPA

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid 1-Palmitoyl-d9 Lysophosphatidic Acid Chemical Structure
  86. GC90811 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

    Un standard interne pour la quantification de 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycéro-3-PC.

     1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  87. GC45693 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 16:0(d9) Lyso-PC, PC(16:0-d9/0:0), 16:0-d9/0:0-PC

     A quantitative analytical standard guaranteed to meet MaxSpec® identity, purity, stability, and concentration specifications 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  88. GC46491 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE

    1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine, 16:0 LPE-d9, 16:0 Lyso-PE-d9, 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-Phosphoethanolamine

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  89. GC45694 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC

    DPPC-d9, PC(16:0-d9/16:0), 16:0-d9/16:0-PC, 1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-2-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 1-Hexadecanoyl-d9-2-Hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  90. GC42040 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE

    15(S)-HETE-SAPE, 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-SAPE, 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylethanolamine

     1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE is a phospholipid that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position and 15(S)-HETE at the sn-2 position. 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE Chemical Structure
  91. GC49730 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11

    15(S)-HETE-SAPE-d11, 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid-SAPE-d11, 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-Phosphatidylethanolamine-d11

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE 1-Stearoyl-2-15(S)-HETE-sn-glycero-3-PE-d11 Chemical Structure
  92. GC41331 1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    C18:0-PC, Lyso-PC, 1-Octadecanoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, PC(18:0/0:0), 1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 1-Stearoyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-PC

     1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC is a saturated 18:0 lysophosphatidylcholine found in plasma and oxidized LDL that is thought to play a role in inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis. 1-Stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  93. GC46498 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC

    S-Lyso-PC-d35, 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-Phosphocholine, 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-PC

     An internal standard for the quantification of 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC 1-Stearoyl-d35-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC Chemical Structure
  94. GC40176 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol

    18:0-MG, MG(18:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Monostearin, NSC 3875

     1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains stearic acid at the sn-1 position. 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  95. GC46499 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol-d40

    18:0-d40-MG, 1-Monostearin-d40, MG(18:0-d40/0:0/0:0)

     A neuropeptide with diverse biological activities 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol-d40 Chemical Structure
  96. GC46501 1-thio-β-D-Glucose Tetraacetate A building block 1-thio-β-D-Glucose Tetraacetate Chemical Structure
  97. GC45785 1-Undecanoyl-rac-glycerol

    MG(11:0/0:0/0:0), 1-Undecanoin

     A monoacylglycerol 1-Undecanoyl-rac-glycerol Chemical Structure
  98. GC41865 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces and a derivative of the antibiotic streptonigrin. 10'-Desmethoxystreptonigrin Chemical Structure
  99. GC90363 10(11)-Cl-BBQ

    Un mélange qui agit comme un agoniste de l'AhR.

     10(11)-Cl-BBQ Chemical Structure
  100. GC46400 10(11)-Cl-BBQ Mixture A mixture that acts as an AhR agonist 10(11)-Cl-BBQ Mixture Chemical Structure
  101. GC40971 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA

    10(S),17(S)-DiHDoHE, PDX, Protectin DX

     La 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA (également connue sous le nom de neuroprotectine D1 lorsqu'elle est produite dans les tissus neuronaux) est un acide gras dihydroxy dérivé du DHA qui présente de puissantes activités protectrices et anti-inflammatoires. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA Chemical Structure

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