CORM-401

CORM-401 contains manganese (Mn) as a metal center, CORM-401 can release CO^[1].

When 20 µM CORM-401 was added to a PBS solution containing 100 µM Mb, the formation of MbCO can be detected. By calculating the concentration of MbCO over time and by performing curve fitting, it was established that the half-lives of CO release were 14.1, 13.4 and 11.9 min for 5, 10 and 20 µM CORM-401, respectively. The amount of CO released from the compound diminishes as the ratio of CORM-401/Mb increases^[2].

After exposure to 20 µM CORM-401 loaded EA.hy926 endothelial cells displayed increased levels of intracellular CO^[2]. Upon CORM-401 exposure EROD activity of recombinant Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYP) decreased concentration dependently. Treatment with CORM-401 decreased EROD activity in HepG2 cells at concentrations higher than 50 µM CORM-401 ^[4]. CORM-401 partially reduced TNF-α/CHX-induced total cellular ROS,and reduced the effect of antimycin-A^[5]. CORM-401 (10-100µM) induced a persistent increase in the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) that was accompanied by inhibition of glycolysis (extracellular acidification rate, ECAR) and a decrease in ATP-turnover. Furthermore, CORM-401 increased proton leak, diminished mitochondrial reserve capacity and enhanced non-mitochondrial respiration^[6]. CORM-401 caused an apparent suppression of NO production through inhibition of iNOS at both the mRNA and protein levels in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with P. intermedia LPS. CORM-401 upregulated the expression of both the HO-1 gene and its protein in LPS-activated cells, and treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor significantly reversed the attenuating influence of CORM-401 against LPS-induced generation of NO^[7].

Oral administration of CORM-401 reduces body weight gain and improves insulin resistance in HFD-induced obesity in mice.The transient uncoupling activity of CO elicited by repetitive administration of CORM-401 is associated with lower weight gain and increased insulin sensitivity during HFD^[3].

References:
[1]. Crook SH, Mann BE, et,al. [Mn(CO)4{S2CNMe(CH2CO2H)}], a new water-soluble CO-releasing molecule. Dalton Trans. 2011 Apr 28;40(16):4230-5. doi: 10.1039/c1dt10125k. Epub 2011 Mar 14. PMID: 21403944.
[2]. Fayad-Kobeissi S, Ratovonantenaina J, et,al.Vascular and angiogenic activities of CORM-401, an oxidant-sensitive CO-releasing molecule. Biochem Pharmacol. 2016 Feb 15;102:64-77. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.12.014. Epub 2015 Dec 22. PMID: 26721585.
[3]. Braud L, Pini M, et,al.Carbon monoxide-induced metabolic switch in adipocytes improves insulin resistance in obese mice. JCI Insight. 2018 Nov 15;3(22):e123485. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.123485. PMID: 30429365; PMCID: PMC6302946.
[4]. Walter M, Stahl W, et,al. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule 401 (CORM-401) modulates phase I metabolism of xenobiotics. Toxicol In Vitro. 2019 Sep;59:215-220. doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.04.018. Epub 2019 Apr 17. PMID: 31004742.
[5]. Babu D, Leclercq G, et,al.Differential Effects of CORM-2 and CORM-401 in Murine Intestinal Epithelial MODE-K Cells under Oxidative Stress. Front Pharmacol. 2017 Feb 8;8:31. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00031. PMID: 28228725; PMCID: PMC5296622.
[6]. Kaczara P, Motterlini R, et,al.Carbon monoxide released by CORM-401 uncouples mitochondrial respiration and inhibits glycolysis in endothelial cells: A role for mitoBKCa channels. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Oct;1847(10):1297-309. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.07.004. Epub 2015 Jul 14. PMID: 26185029.
[7]. Choi EY, Lee JE, et,al. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-401, a water-soluble manganese-based metal carbonyl, suppresses Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide in murine macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2022 Sep 8:1-8. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2119998. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36053007.