Paraquat (dichloride) |
رقم الكتالوجGB60361
One-Click Copy Product Info
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Paraquat (dichloride) is a non-selective herbicide widely used in agriculture.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 1910-42-5
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Paraquat (dichloride) is a non-selective herbicide widely used in agriculture [1]. Paraquat (dichloride) destroys plant cell structures by inducing reactive oxygen species during photosynthesis [2]. Paraquat (dichloride) is highly toxic to humans and animals and can cause fatal pulmonary fibrosis [3].
In BV-2 microglial cells, Paraquat (dichloride) (50μM; 24h) induced morphological changes, ROS production, and cytotoxicity in BV-2 microglial cells [4]. In cerebellar granule cells, exposure to relatively low concentrations of Paraquat (dichloride) (5μM; 24h) resulted in apoptotic cell death, decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c content, increased proteolytic activation and caspase-3 activity, and DNA fragmentation [5]. In pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, Paraquat (dichloride) (0.1mM, 0.5mM, 2mM; 72h) caused a time-dependent increase in lactate dehydrogenase release [6]. In in cortical cells, exposed to Paraquat (dichloride) (10μM; 72h) often had shrunken cell bodies with condensed nuclei and sparse or collapsed dendrites [7].
In kunming mice, Paraquat (dichloride) (0.89mg/kg, 2.67mg/kg, 8mg/kg; po; 28d) has toxic effects on mouse hippocampal tissue, and its toxic mechanism may be related to mitochondrial damage of hippocampal neurons caused by oxidative stress [8]. In swiss-webster mice, Paraquat (dichloride) (30 mg/kg; ip; single injection) reduces the concentrations of water-soluble antioxidants and reduced glutathione in the liver and lipid-soluble antioxidants in the lung [9]. In C57BL/6 mice, long-term repeated oral administration of Paraquat (dichloride) (10mg/kg; ig; 4 months) can selectively impair the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of mice [10].
References:
[1]. Lock EA, Wilks MF. Paraquat. InHayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 2010 Jan 1 (pp. 1771-1827). Academic Press.
[2]. Lascano R, Munoz N, Robert G, et al. Paraquat: an oxidative stress inducer. Herbicides-properties, synthesis and control of weeds. 2012 Jan 13: 135-148.
[3]. Clark DG, McElligott TF, Hurst EW. The toxicity of paraquat. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1966 Apr 1; 23(2): 126-132.
[4]. Miller RL, Sun GY, Sun AY. Cytotoxicity of paraquat in microglial cells: involvement of PKCδ-and ERK1/2-dependent NADPH oxidase. Brain research. 2007 Sep 5; 1167: 129-139.
[5]. Gonzalez-Polo RA, Rodriguez-Martı́n A, Moran JM, et al. Paraquat-induced apoptotic cell death in cerebellar granule cells. Brain research. 2004 Jun 18; 1011(2): 170-176.
[6]. Tsukamoto M, Tampo Y, Sawada M, et al. Paraquat‐Induced Membrane Dysfunction in Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Pharmacology & toxicology. 2000 Mar; 86(3): 102-109.
[7]. Kim SJ, Kim JE, Moon IS. Paraquat induces apoptosis of cultured rat cortical cells. Molecules and cells. 2004 Feb 1; 17(1): 102-107.
[8]. Chen Q, Niu Y, Zhang R, et al. The toxic influence of paraquat on hippocampus of mice: involvement of oxidative stress. Neurotoxicology. 2010 Jun 1; 31(3): 310-316.
[9]. Bus JS, Cagen SZ, Olgaard M, Gibson JE. A mechanism of paraquat toxicity in mice and rats. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 1976 Mar 1; 35(3): 501-513.
[10]. Ren JP, Zhao YW, Sun XJ. Toxic influence of chronic oral administration of paraquat on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in C57BL/6 mice. Chinese medical journal. 2009 Oct 1; 122(19): 2366-2371.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
BV-2 microglial cells |
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Preparation Method |
The MTT assay was used for assessment of cell viability. Before treatment with Paraquat (dichloride) and inhibitors, cells were placed in serum-free DMEM. Cells were incubated with Paraquat (dichloride) and other agents for different periods up to 48 hours. After various treatments, culture medium was removed and 1mg/mL MTT dissolved in DMEM was added to the cells and incubated for 2 hours. |
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Reaction Conditions |
50μM; 24h |
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Applications |
Paraquat (dichloride) induced morphological changes, ROS production, and cytotoxicity in BV-2 microglial cells. |
| Animal experiment [2]: | |
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Animal models |
Kunming mice |
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Preparation Method |
Kunming mice (aged 7 weeks, 20-23g) were used in this study. The mice were adapted to their surroundings for 1 week before the experiment was initiated. Animals were housed in a room that was maintained at a constant temperature (18-22℃) and humidity (40-50%). Animals were assigned to four groups randomly: a control group (0mg/kg) and three paraquat treatment groups with each group comprising 20 mice. The doses and time regimen were designed based on the previous researches and the LD50 (110-150mg/kg in rats) of Paraquat (dichloride). The doses of Paraquat (dichloride) were 0.89mg/kg, 2.67mg/kg, 8mg/kg body weight, respectively. Paraquat (dichloride) was administered orally in doses of 0.1mL/10g body weight, respectively, once a day and for 28 consecutive days. |
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Dosage form |
0.89mg/kg, 2.67mg/kg, 8mg/kg; po; 28d |
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Applications |
Paraquat (dichloride) is toxic to the hippocampus of mice. |
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References: |
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| Cas No. | 1910-42-5 | SDF | |
| Formula | C12H14Cl2N2 | M.Wt | 257.16 |
| الذوبان | DMSO : 1.82 mg/mL (7.08 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C) | Storage | 2-8°C, sealed storage, away from moisture |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
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| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 3.8886 mL | 19.4431 mL | 38.8863 mL |
| 5 mM | 777.7 μL | 3.8886 mL | 7.7773 mL |
| 10 mM | 388.9 μL | 1.9443 mL | 3.8886 mL |
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- Purity: >99.00% Appearance: A solid
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