Gramicidin (Synonyms: Gramicidin D) |
Catalog No.GC32076
One-Click Copy Product Info
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La gramicidina es un péptido antimicrobiano que se ensambla como canales en las membranas y aumenta su permeabilidad hacia los cationes.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use. We do not sell to patients.
Cas No.: 1405-97-6
Sample solution is provided at 25 µL, 10mM.
Gramicidin is a linear polypeptide antibiotic mixture, also known as Gramicidin D (GrD), composed of Gramicidin A, Gramicidin B and Gramicidin C[1,6]. Gramicidin molecules dimerize within lipid bilayers to form transmembrane channels permeable to monovalent cations, thereby dissipating sodium, potassium, and proton gradients, disrupting membrane potential, and impairing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production[1,5]. Gramicidin is used in research on antimicrobial membrane activity, ion homeostasis, cancer-cell bioenergetics and apoptosis, tumor angiogenesis, and ionophore-mediated antimalarial activity[1-6].
In vitro, Gramicidin (0μM, 0.3μM, 1μM, and 3μM; 24h and 48h) increased apoptosis and G2/mitosis (G2/M) cell-cycle arrest and reduced migration, cyclin D1, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and phosphorylated forkhead box O1 in SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells; Gramicidin produced IC50 values of 0.183μM and 0.191μM in SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells, respectively[2]. Gramicidin (0μM, 0.33μM, 1μM, and 3μM; 24h, 48h, and 72h) reduced OVCAR8, SKOV3, and A2780 ovarian cancer cell proliferation in concentration- and time-dependent patterns; Gramicidin (0μM, 0.1μM, 0.3μM, and 1μM; 24h and 48h) increased deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation, the sub-G1 population, caspase-3 cleavage, and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage[3]. Gramicidin (0.04mg/mL; 24h) reduced HeLa cervical cancer cell growth by 40%, while Gramicidin (0.3mg/mL; 24h) combined with lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) (1μM, 10μM, 25μM, 50μM, 100μM, and 150μM) increased growth inhibition to 86% from 10μM BisBAL NPs and disrupted cell-membrane integrity[4].
In vivo, Gramicidin A, the predominant component of Gramicidin (0.11mg/kg; intratumoral injection twice weekly for 14 days), reduced mean tumor mass by approximately 40% in female hairless Nu/J mice bearing SN12C renal cell carcinoma xenografts without a significant change in body weight[5]. Gramicidin (1.4mg/kg/day; intraperitoneal injection once daily for 4 days) reduced parasitemia in Plasmodium vinckei petteri-infected mice with ED50 of 1.4mg/kg/day[6].
References:[1] Ragioto DAMT, Carrasco LDM, Carmona-Ribeiro AM. Novel gramicidin formulations in cationic lipid as broad-spectrum microbicidal agents. Int J Nanomedicine. 2014;9:3183-3192. doi:10.2147/IJN.S65289.
[2] Chen T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Yu K, Cao X, Su F, et al. Gramicidin inhibits human gastric cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Biol Res. 2019;52(1):57. doi:10.1186/s40659-019-0264-1.
[3] Choi MS, Lee CY, Kim JH, Lee YM, Lee S, Kim HJ, et al. Gramicidin, a bactericidal antibiotic, is an antiproliferative agent for ovarian cancer cells. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(12):2059. doi:10.3390/medicina59122059.
[4] Cabral-Romero C, García-Cuellar CM, Hernandez-Delgadillo R, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Meester I, Solís-Soto JM, et al. Synergistic antitumor activity of gramicidin/lipophilic bismuth nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) on human cervical tumor cells. Front Nanotechnol. 2021;3:633604. doi:10.3389/fnano.2021.633604.
[5] David JM, Owens TA, Barwe SP, Rajasekaran AK. Gramicidin A induces metabolic dysfunction and energy depletion leading to cell death in renal cell carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2013;12(11):2296-2307. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0445.
[6] Gumila C, Ancelin ML, Delort AM, Jeminet G, Vial HJ. Characterization of the potent in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of ionophore compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41(3):523-529. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.3.523.
| Cell experiment [1]: | |
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Cell lines |
Human SGC-7901 and BGC-823 gastric cancer cells |
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Preparation Method |
SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells were cultured with different Gramicidin concentrations. Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 assay; apoptosis and cell cycle were assessed using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry; cyclin D1, B-cell lymphoma 2, and forkhead box O1 phosphorylation were analyzed by western blotting. |
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Reaction Conditions |
0μM, 0.3μM, 1μM, and 3μM; 24h and 48h |
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Applications |
Gramicidin increased apoptosis and G2/M cell-cycle arrest and reduced migration, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and phosphorylated forkhead box O1 in SGC-7901 cells; Gramicidin produced IC50 values of 0.183μM and 0.191μM in SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells. |
| Animal experiment [2: | |
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Animal models |
Plasmodium vinckei petteri-infected mouse model |
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Preparation Method |
Mice infected with Plasmodium vinckei petteri received intraperitoneal Gramicidin, and parasitemia was evaluated using a 4-day suppressive test. |
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Dosage form |
1.4mg/kg/day; intraperitoneal injection; 4 days |
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Applications |
Gramicidin reduced parasitemia in infected mice with an ED50 of 1.4mg/kg/day. |
| References: [1] Chen T, Wang Y, Yang Y, Yu K, Cao X, Su F, et al. Gramicidin inhibits human gastric cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Biol Res. 2019;52(1):57. doi:10.1186/s40659-019-0264-1. [2] Gumila C, Ancelin ML, Delort AM, Jeminet G, Vial HJ. Characterization of the potent in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities of ionophore compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41(3):523-529. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.3.523. | |
| Cas No. | 1405-97-6 | SDF | |
| Sinónimos | Gramicidin D | ||
| Canonical SMILES | [Gramicidin] | ||
| Formula | C99H140N20O17 | M.Wt | 1882.3 |
| Solubility | DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (53.13 mM);Water : < 0.1 mg/mL (insoluble) | Storage | Store at -20°C |
| General tips | Please select the appropriate solvent to prepare the stock solution according to the
solubility of the product in different solvents; once the solution is prepared, please store it in
separate packages to avoid product failure caused by repeated freezing and thawing.Storage method
and period of the stock solution: When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months; when stored
at -20°C, please use it within 1 month. To increase solubility, heat the tube to 37°C and then oscillate in an ultrasonic bath for some time. |
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| Shipping Condition | Evaluation sample solution: shipped with blue ice. All other sizes available: with RT, or with Blue Ice upon request. | ||
| Prepare stock solution | |||
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1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg |
| 1 mM | 531.3 μL | 2.6563 mL | 5.3126 mL |
| 5 mM | 106.3 μL | 531.3 μL | 1.0625 mL |
| 10 mM | 53.1 μL | 265.6 μL | 531.3 μL |
Step 1: Enter information below (Recommended: An additional animal making an allowance for loss during the experiment)
g
μL
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Working concentration: mg/ml;
Method for preparing DMSO master liquid: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO ( Master liquid concentration mg/mL, Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug. )
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next addμL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL saline, mix and clarify.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation: Take μL DMSO master liquid, next add μL Corn oil, mix and clarify.
Note: 1. Please make sure the liquid is clear before adding the next solvent.
2. Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order. You must ensure that the solution obtained, in the previous addition, is a clear solution before proceeding to add the next solvent. Physical methods such as vortex, ultrasound or hot water bath can be used to aid dissolving.
3. All of the above co-solvents are available for purchase on the GlpBio website.
Quality Control & SDS
- View current batch:
- Purity: >99.00% Appearance: A solid
- COA (Certificate of Analysis)
- SDS (Safety Data Sheet)
- Datasheet
Average Rating: 5 (Based on Reviews and 3 reference(s) in Google Scholar.)