PGPC-d6 (Synonyms: 1-Palmitoyl-2-glutaryl Phosphatidylcholine-d6)

PGPC-d₆ is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of PGPC , as well as related fragmented short-chain fatty acid remnants of phospholipid oxidation, by GC- or LC-MS. PGPC is an oxidized phospholipid that can be formed under conditions of oxidative stress.¹ It is found as a component in mildly oxidized LDL (MM-LDL) and in products formed from the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ox-PAPC).² PGPC activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in a concentration-dependent manner in a cell-based ligand-binding assay.³ It increases VCAM1 and E-selectin expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), as well as HAEC binding by monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), in a concentration-dependent manner.⁴ PGPC (37.5 μM) also increases total 5-lipoxygenase metabolites in murine resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs) and induces apoptosis in A7r5 rat aortic smooth muscle cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 50 μM.^5,6 PGPC levels are increased in serum, LDL, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with coronary artery disease.⁷ UVA irradiation increases PGPC levels in cultured human skin fibroblasts.⁸

1.Fruhwirth, G.O., Loidl, A., and Hermetter, A.Oxidized phospholipids: From molecular properties to diseaseBiochimica et Biophysica Acta1772718-736(2007) 2.Watson, A.D., Leitinger, N., Navab, M., et al.Structural identification by mass spectrometry of oxidized phospholipids in minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein that induce monocyte/endothelial interactions and evidence for their presence in vivoThe Journal of Biological Chemisty272(21)13597-13607(1997) 3.Lee, H., Shi, W., Tontonoz, P., et al.Role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in oxidized phospholipid-induced synthesis of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 by endothelial cellsCirc. Res.87(6)516-521(2000) 4.Leitinger, N., Tyner, T.R., Oslund, L., et al.Structurally similar oxidized phospholipids differentially regulate endothelial binding of monocytes and neutrophilsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(21)12010-12015(1999) 5.Zemski Berry, K.A., and Murphy, R.C.Phospholipid ozonation products activate the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in macrophagesChem. Res. Toxicol.29(8)1355-1364(2016) 6.Fruhwirth, G.O., Moumtzi, A., Loidl, A., et al.The oxidized phospholipids POVPC and PGPC inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cellsBiochim. Biophys. Acta.1761(9)1060-1069(2006) 7.Mozzini, C., Frata Pasini, A., Garbin, U., et al.Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nrf2 repression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with stable coronary artery diseaseFree Radic. Biol. Med.68178-185(2014) 8.Gruber, F., Bicker, W., Oskolkova, O.V., et al.A simplified procedure for semi-targeted lipidomic analysis of oxidized phosphatidylcholines induced by UVA irradiationJ. Lipid. Res.53(6)1232-1242(2012)